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Battle of Grocka
	Part of the Austro-Turkish War of 1737–1739
	; Description of Battle of Grocka by Henry Köpp, 1753
Date	22 July 1739
Location	Grocka, Belgrade, Sanjak of Smederevo, Ottoman Empire
Result	Ottoman victory
Belligerents
Habsburg monarchy	Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Marshal Wallis; Wilhelm Reinhard von Neipperg	Grand Vizier Ivaz Mehmed Pasha
Strength
40,000	100,000
Casualties and losses
5,600 (2,350 killed; 2,850 wounded; 400 missing); or: 7,000 dead, 7,000 wounded.	Unknown

The Battle of Grocka, also known as Battle of Krotzka,^[6] (Turkish: Hisarcık Savaşı) was the decisive battle of the Austro-Turkish War (1737–1739). It was fought between the Habsburg Monarchy and the Ottoman Empire on 21–22 July 1739 in Grocka, near Belgrade in the Habsburg-held Kingdom of Serbia. The Ottomans were victorious, and proceeded with the Siege of Belgrade, that led to the conclusion of the Treaty of Belgrade on 18 September 1739.^[7]^[8]

Battle

The Habsburgs had direct orders from Emperor Charles VI to engage the enemy at the first possible opportunity.

The Habsburg army broke up camp at Vinča (Zweibrücken) on 20 July between 22:00 and 23:00h and moved south through difficult terrain. On the morning of 21 July, the Imperial cavalry consisting of the Pállfy and Savoy regiments encountered the Turkish army and attacked without waiting for the infantry. The Ottoman forces were better prepared and, outnumbering their opponent, could fire on the Habsburgs from higher hidden positions.

The Habsburg cavalry was then cut off and only the Savoy Regiment was able to break out. When the Habsburg infantry arrived, the battle raged on until nightfall, when the Habsburgs decided to retreat to Vinča. The Ottomans did not pursue.

On 23 July the Habsburgs withdrew further to Belgrade.

In this battle, the Habsburg cavalry alone had suffered 2,142 killed and wounded, between 25 and 50% of their total effectives.

The Ottoman Army followed and laid siege to Belgrade, until the Habsburgs signed the Treaty of Belgrade on September 18 and consequently left the city.

Consequences

The defeat at Grocka had an enormous psychological impact at the Habsburg Court. After a series of resounding victories against the Ottomans under Eugene of Savoy, a short and victorious campaign was expected again this time. The unexpected defeat made the Habsburgs eager for peace. The Ottoman diplomats took advantage and obtained a very advantageous Treaty of Belgrade, in which many of Habsburg gains from the Treaty of Passarowitz were given back, including Belgrade with central Serbia.

The Habsburg Monarchy paid a high price for neglecting to maintain an efficient army and failing to look for a worthy successor for Eugene of Savoy. Fieldmarshal Wallis, charged with negligence, was court-martialled and condemned to imprisonment in the castle of Spielberg. He was released three months later, when he was pardoned by the new Empress Maria Theresa of Austria.

References

^ Wheatcroft 2008, p. 240.
^ ^a ^b Nicolle, David (1983). Armies of the Ottoman Turks, 1300-1774. Osprey Publishing. pp. 33–34. ISBN 0-85045-511-1.
^ ^a ^b Abbott, John Stevens Cabot (1859). John Stevens Cabot Abbott, The Empire of Austria. p. 406–407.
^ Bodart 1908, p. 188.
^ Mikaberidze 2011, p. 350.
^ Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy, The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, 4th Edition, (HarperCollins Publishers, 1993), 689.
^ Lund, Eric A. (1999). War for the Every Day: Generals, Knowledge, and Warfare in Early Modern Europe, 1680-1740. Greenwood Press. p. 180. ISBN 0-313-31041-6.
^ Bodart, Gaston (1916). Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary: France. H. Milford. pp. 39.