Although some disputes remain unresolved, the relations between the two countries have been characterised as cooperative.[1][2][3] Bangladesh and India are common members of SAARC, BIMSTEC, IORA and the Commonwealth. The two countries share many cultural ties. In particular, Bangladesh and the east Indian states of West Bengal and Tripura are Bengali-speaking. A historic land boundary agreement was signed on 6 June 2015 which settled decades-old border disputes,[4] while negotiations are still ongoing over the sharing of water of the transboundary rivers.
In recent decades, Bangladesh has seen rising anti-India sentiments among its citizens due to the Indian government's perceived anti-Muslim and anti-Bangladeshi activities including India's interference in internal politics of Bangladesh, killings of Bangladeshis by Indian BSF, Citizenship Amendment Act, rise of Hindutva in India, anti-Bangladeshi disinformation in Indian media as well as India's reluctance in solving the water disputes in common rivers with Bangladesh.[5][6] In 2019, several Bangladeshi ministers cancelled their scheduled state visits to India as a response to India's Citizenship Amendment Bill.[7] In 2021, massive protests in Bangladesh against the state visit by Indian PM Narendra Modi to the country led to the deaths of at least 14 people.[8] Furthermore, India continued to support former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina during her tenure, even as her administration has faced accusations of increasing authoritarianism and corruption.[9][10] Furthermore, India provided shelter to Sheikh Hasina after her resignation in the Student–People's uprising in Bangladesh, which further boosted Bangladeshi people's anger towards India.
Since the visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to Bangladesh in 2015 and round back visit of Bangladeshi Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to India in 2017, the notable developments that have taken places include resolution of long-pending land and maritime boundaries asserting the issue of enclaves, conclusion of over ninety instruments comprising in the hi-tech areas, i.e., electronics, cyber-security, space, information technology, and civil nuclear energy and observed increase in bilateral trade from US$9 billion to US$10.46 billion in the fiscal year (FY) 2018–19, preceded by US$7 billion to US$9 billion in FY 2017–18, an increase of 28.5 percent.[11] The Bangladesh government is set to initiate three significant infrastructure projects with the backing of India's financial assistance. These projects encompass a power plant and railway links among other crucial developments.[12]
The links between the republics of modern-day India and Bangladesh are civilizational, cultural, social, and economic. There is much that unites the two countries – a shared history of the and common heritage originating from the Bengal region, linguistic and cultural ties, passion for music, literature and the arts.[13][non-primary source needed] Both the countries were under the British Raj during the colonial era, with Bengal having been the first major region conquered by the British, and British India's capital having been established in Calcutta (now Kolkata - very near the modern India-Bangladesh border) until 1911.[14]Rabindranath Tagore, the Bengali Polymath from colonial India created the national anthems of both today's Bangladesh and India in 1905 and 1911 respectively.[15]
From the mid-1970s, however, relations worsened because Bangladesh developed closer ties with Muslim nations, participated in the Organization of the Islamic Conference, and increased emphasis on Islamic identity over the country's ethnolinguistic roots.[21] The two countries developed different Cold War alliances in the 1980s, which further chilled bilateral relations.[22][23] With the onset of economic liberalization in South Asia, they forged greater bilateral engagement and trade. The historic Ganges Water Sharing Treaty was concluded in 1996. India and Bangladesh are close strategic partners in counter-terrorism. They are also one the largest trading partners in South Asia.[24]
Relationship under Sheikh Hasina (2009–2024)
Former Prime Ministers of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina and Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi, meet in New York, USA on 27 September 2020
Throughout the premiership of Sheikh Hasina between 2009 and 2024, India and Bangladesh enjoyed best time in the their bilateral relationship.
In September 2011, the two countries signed a major accord on border demarcation to end the 4-decade old disputes over boundaries. This came to be known as the Tin Bigha Corridor. India also granted 24-hour access to Bangladeshi citizens in the Tin Bigha Corridor. The agreement included exchange of adversely held enclaves, involving 51,000 people spread over 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh and 51 Bangladeshi enclaves in India. The total land involved is over 24,000 acres.[25][26] On 9 October that year, Indian and Bangladeshi armies participated in Sampriti-II (Unity-II), a 14-day-long Joint military exercise at Sylhet to increase synergy between their forces.[27]
In 2012, Bangladesh allowed India's Oil and Natural Gas Corporation to ferry heavy machinery, turbines and cargo through Ashuganj for Palatana Power project in southern Tripura.[28] From October 2013, India started exporting 500 megawatts of electricity a day to Bangladesh over a period of 35 years. A 125-kilometre Baharampur–Bheramara transmission line, 40 km of it in Bangladesh, connects the two substations. Bangladesh officials believe the export would greatly ease the national shortage once 500 MW flows into the national grid. The two country's Prime Ministers also unveiled the plaque of the 1,320-MW coal-fired Rampal power plant, a joint venture between the two countries.[29] The link was as a major milestone in strengthening the bilateral relationship and comes at a time when India is desperate to make up for its inability to deliver on two key pacts with Bangladesh: one on Teesta waters and the land boundary pact.[30]
Indian External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj visited Bangladesh in her first official overseas trip in June 2014. During her first official overseas visit, Foreign Minister of India, Sushma Swaraj concluded various agreements to boost ties. They include:
Easing of Visa regime to provide 5-year multiple entry visas to minors below 13 and elderly above 65.
Proposal of a special economic zone in Bangladesh.
Agreement to send back a fugitive accused of murder in India.
Bangladesh allowed India to ferry food and grains to the landlocked Northeast India's using its territory and infrastructure.[28]
On 7 May 2015 the Indian Parliament, in the presence of Bangladeshi diplomats, unanimously passed the Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) as its 100th Constitutional amendment, thereby resolving all 68-year-old border disputes since the end of the British Raj. The bill was pending ratification since the 1974 Mujib-Indira accords.
During Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi's state visit to Bangladesh during June 2015 as many as 22 agreements were signed by two sides. During the visit India extended a US$2 billion line of credit to Bangladesh & pledged US$5 billion worth of investments. As per the agreements, India's Reliance Power agreed to invest US$3 billion to set up a 3,000 MW LNG-based power plant (which is the single largest foreign investment ever made in Bangladesh). Adani Power will also be setting up a 1600 MW coal-fired power plant at a cost of US$1.5 billion.[31] The two countries signed a total of 22 agreements including the ones on maritime safety co-operation and curbing human trafficking and fake Indian currency. Modi also announced a line of credit of $2 billion to Bangladesh.[32]
At midnight on 31 July 2015, around 50,000 people became citizens of India or Bangladesh after living in limbo for decades. Ending a prolonged dispute, the two nations swapped 162 enclaves on the border region, allowing the people living there to stay or opt out to the other country. While 14,214 citizens of Bangladesh residing in 51 enclaves on the Indian side became Indians, a large number of people in the 111 Indian enclaves in Bangladesh preferred to stay with Bangladesh and just 979 opted to move to India. The total number of new Indian citizens will be 15,193.[citation needed]
In 2018, the leaders of both the countries inaugurated the 130 km long Bangladesh-India Friendship pipeline to supply 4 lakh tonnes of diesel to Bangladesh. In September 2018, the Bangladesh cabinet approved the draft of a proposed agreement with India to allow it to use the Chittagong and Mongla sea ports for transporting goods to and from its land-locked northeastern states.[33][34]
Post–Hasina relationship (2024–present)
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2024)
According to India's foreign secretary, Vikram Misri, prime minister Narendra Modi was among the first foreign leaders to greet Muhammad Yunus after he assumed office.[36]
In early December 2024, the tensions between the two countries reduced after a diplomatic visit by India's foreign secretary. He called on the advisor in-chief Muhammad Yunus and the meeting concluded on a positive note. The foreign secretary conveyed that New Delhi envisaged "joint and concerted efforts" and desired increased engagement with Dhaka. However, he also raised the issue of attacks on cultural and religious sites. Muhammad Yunus described relations with India as "very solid".[36]
On December 25, 2024, the Indian High Commissioner Pranay Verma expressed optimism about Bangladesh-India relations, highlighting mutual benefits from their growing capabilities. A "strong support" for a "democratic, stable, peaceful, progressive, and inclusive" Bangladesh was stated by the high commissioner. The high commissioner also said that New Delhi and Dhaka have a strong stake in each other's progress and prosperity.[37]
On January 1, 2025, an interview of the Bangladesh Army Chief Waker-Uz-Zaman with Prothom Alo English hinted at a positive outlook towards India. General Waker emphasized the importance of a balanced and mutually beneficial relationship between Bangladesh and India. He acknowledged both countries' dependence on each other, with India playing a significant role in trade, work, and medical services. Waker stressed the need for fairness and equality in their interactions, ensuring Bangladeshis didn't feel dominated, preserving national interests while fostering good relations. The relationship was described as a "give and take". When questioned on security cooperation, the general stated that Bangladesh would not do anything that goes against India's strategic interests and expected India to reciprocate.[38]
On the same day, Bangladesh Foreign Affairs Adviser Md Touhid Hossain mentioned that Bangladesh's ties with India would "extend beyond a single issue" and assured that maintaining good relations with India was among the priorities in 2025.[39]
Diplomatic events
On 6 December, Bangladesh and India celebrate Friendship Day commemorating India's recognition of Bangladesh and the continued friendship between the two countries.[40]
From November 2013, A Wagah Border-like ceremony is being organised at Petrapole (in West Bengal, India) - Benapole (Bangladesh) border checkpoint. The ceremony which includes parades, march-past and lowering of the national flag of both the countries is now a daily routine, at sundown, on the eastern border.[41]
In November 2015, Bangladeshi Commerce Minister Tofail Ahmed was critical of India's 2015 Nepal blockade, stating that "blockades hit at agreements like the BBIN".[42]
In 2023, Bangladesh backed India in its diplomatic feud with Canada over the killing of Hardeep Singh Nijjar, describing Canada as a "hub for murderers".[46]
2024 attack on the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in India
On 2 December 2024, members of the Hindu Sangharsh Samity attacked the Bangladesh Assistant High Commission in Agartala, Tripura. They entered the premises and "took down the Bangladesh flag, set it on fire, and caused some vandalism inside the building".[48] India's External Affairs Ministry expressed regret over the incident in Tripura capital and assured Bangladesh that it was "stepping up security arrangements" at Bangladesh missions in India.[49] On 3 December 2024, the Indian police also made seven arrests related to the incident which was described by India's foreign ministry as "extremely regrettable".[50]
Areas of cooperation
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2024)
Economic
Bangladesh-India bilateral trade was over US$10 billion in 2018–19.[51][52] Bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh stood at US$6.6 billion in 2013–14 with India's exports at US$6.1 billion and imports from Bangladesh at US$462 million, representing more than double the value of US$2.7 billion five years ago.[53]
Bangladesh cabinet approved a revised trade deal with India under which the two nations would be able to use each other's land and water routes for sending goods to a third country, removing a long-standing barrier in regional trade. Under the deal India would also be able to send goods to Myanmar through Bangladesh. It incorporated a provision that the deal would be renewed automatically after five years if neither of the countries did not have any objection.[54]
During the state visit by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina to New Delhi in September 2022, she has urged with Indian businesses to invest in her nation's burgeoning manufacturing, energy, and transportation sectors, as well as its infrastructure projects. In his response to her invitation, CII President Sanjiv Bajaj discussed energy and infrastructure, as well as the ways in which connectivity can be utilized to promote shared prosperity. He went on to say that "India's experience with Digital India ought to be utilized in order to better sync it with Digital Bangladesh in order to provide more opportunities for digital and financial inclusion."[55]
Loans
In 2011, India approved a $750 million loan for developing Bangladesh infrastructure[56] and offered another $1 billion soft loan for infrastructure development in 2014.[57]
Historical economic cooperation
Cement sector
India has been of indirect assistance for the creation of cement sector in Bangladesh that eventually propelled it to the league of top 20 cement producers in the world. India and France first brought cement production to Bangladesh. In 1974, the French company Lafarge decided to set up a factory in Sylhet that used limestone from the Indian state of Meghalaya.[58]
Aid provided by India
Post liberation aid program
During the first 6 months right after the liberation war, until June 1972, India committed $220 million or approximately $1.6 billion if adjusted with inflation as of 2024, to Bangladesh which made it the largest aid provider at that time.[58]
Annual aid
In 2021, India allocated INR 200 crores for the fiscal year 2021-2022.[59]
In 2022, India announced approximately INR 300 crores in aid to Bangladesh. [59]
In 2023, India allocated INR 200 crores in aid. [60]
In 2024, India allocated INR 120 crores for Bangladesh.[61]
India's line of credit program
India has provided Bangladesh about $7.862 billion through four different Lines of Credit (LOC) programs, making Bangladesh the largest recipient under India's LOC initiative. This assistance has supported infrastructure development across various sectors, with 14 projects successfully completed out of 43 under implementation as of 2021. By October 2021, $865 million had been disbursed, and contracts worth over $990.85 million had been awarded in the preceding three years, with an additional $325.58 million in the finalization stage. India’s active coordination with Bangladesh's Economic Relations Division (ERD) and other stakeholders has significantly improved project execution speeds, fostering mutual progress and regional development.[62]
During Sheikh Hasina's four-day visit to New Delhi in April 2017, Bangladesh and India signed two defence agreements, the first such agreements between India and any of its neighbours. Under the agreements, the militaries of the two countries will conduct joint exercises and training. India will help Bangladesh set up manufacturing and service centres for defence platforms that both countries possess with the aim of achieving self-sufficiency in defence manufacturing in Bangladesh, and will also provide the Bangladesh military with expert training, and technical and logistic support. India also extended its first ever defence-related line of credit to a neighbouring country, by providing Bangladesh with $500 million to purchase defence equipment.[63]
Also, the militaries of the two countries have played quite an extensive role in taking up common issues to enhance and conduct training programmes to deal with counter terrorism issues, natural disasters, ensure Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Reliefs (HADR). In March 2019, Indian Army's GOC-in-C of the Eastern Army Command, General M.M. Naravane visited to the Chief of Army Staff, of BangladeshGeneral Aziz Ahmed to hold talks related to boosting of Intelligence sharing between the 2 countries along with developing other areas of defence cooperation. The visit has most importantly come up at the time, when Myanmar decided to take strong actions in order to act against the operating insurgent groups which were operating foiling up terrorist activities on both the sides of India and Myanmar, along with that had discussions on various options to enhance the conduction of Military exercises at a more rapid and strong scale.[64]
Prime Minister Narendra Modi said: "India would not like to impose anything which Bangladesh may find not suitable to its requirement. The bilateral document under consideration is aimed at institutionalizing the existing mechanism and streamlining the ongoing cooperation between both the countries", an official said, adding maritime security will be a key element in the partnership with the two countries facing similar challenges in the Bay of Bengal zone. A joint road-map for developing Blue Economy in Bay of Bengal is likely to be unveiled during Prime Minister Hasina's visit.[65]
Also, both Prime Ministers of India and Bangladesh, had welcomed their initiatives for developing a closer effort to strengthen Maritime Security Partnerships and also they appreciated the finalization of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) related to the establishment of a Coastal Surveillance Radar System in Bangladesh's Chittagong and Mongla ports.[66]
Border security management
During the state visit by Sheikh Hasina to New Delhi in 2019, had a talk with Narendra Modi, where he appreciated the zero-tolerance policy of the government of Bangladesh's resolute effort towards ensuring peace, security and stability in the entire region and also it was recognized by both the leaders, that terrorism yet remains as one of the major significant threads to the levels of peace and stability of both the countries and the regions. However, the leaders of the two nations had entrusted and reiterated their faith and strong commitment in order to eliminate in all its forms of manifestations and stressed of the fact of avoiding terror. Also, both the leaders had referred to the successful discussions between the Home Ministers of both Bangladesh and India during the visit made by the Home Minister of Bangladesh to India in August 2019, whereby he agreed for a closer cooperation to fight against extremist radical groups, terrorist organisations, smuggling of arms, drugs and fake currency and also organized crime as a shared priority.[66]
United Nations and international community
Bangladesh's inclusion in United Nations
According to the Diplomatic Bluebook for 1972 published by MoFA Japan, India acted behind the scenes in 1972 which led to the recognition of Bangladesh by 98 countries which subsequently helped unlocked $1,300 million in aid. Indian bid for recognition of Bangladesh at UN faced tough opposition from Pakistan and China and the process was prolonged.[67] Bangladesh was eventually recognized by the United Nations in September 1974.
India has introduced the concept of the Regional Power Trading System which will help various regions of the country in reducing the power deficit by transferring surplus power from another region. Under the Electricity Act 2003, the Indian companies could pool power in an exchange. A consumer would be free to buy it from anyone. This concept of power pool within India can also be enlarged to cover the neighbouring countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan and Nepal after the establishment of a sub-regional power pool and necessary inter-connections among these countries are put in place. This can ultimately form a regional power pool thereby generating a huge opportunity for power trading in the region.[68] India is also looking to export electricity from its north-eastern region with potential to generate some 58,971 MW to its eastern States through Bangladesh. Bangladesh hopes to have access to Nepal and Bhutan's power through India. Bangladesh formally requested a "power corridor" to access the Bhutanese and Nepalese markets. It has agreed to allow India to transfer hydroelectricity from Assam to Bihar through its territory. The proposed meeting would attempt to remove irritants in project-related areas.[69]
In 2016 deal between Modi and Hasina was criticized. Bangladeshi critics accused the deal for setting a high price for the import of electricity, especially from Tripura. Equipment for the plant was sent through Bangladesh which waived most of the transit fees.[70]
Adani Power said on 8 November 2017 its arm Adani Power (Jharkhand) has inked long-term pact with Bangladesh Power Development Board to supply electricity from its upcoming 1,600 MW plant at Godda in Jharkhand.
Readymade garment sector
Import of cotton
Readymade Garments account for majority of Bangladesh's exports, but the sector itself is heavily reliant on import of Cotton from countries like India, China, and Brazil. Bangladesh's economic boom reliant on this sector relies heavily on raw materials imported from India.[71] According to The Observatory of Economic Complexity, in the year 2022 alone, raw cotton accounted for about 21% of Indian exports to Bangladesh. Bangladesh imports cotton primarily from India at about $942 million.[72][73]
Scholarship
Every year 200 Bangladeshi students receive ICCR scholarships.[74] India has offered scholarships for meritorious Bangladeshi under and post graduate students and PhD researchers to undertake studies in traditional systems of medicines like Ayurveda, Unani and Homeopathy, according to Indian High Commission in Dhaka.[75] In 2017, 400 Indian medical students protested in Chittagong after they failed to register with the Bangladesh Medical and Dental Council.[76][77]
COVID-19 pandemic cooperation
Bangladesh started mass COVID-19 vaccinations with India's Serum Institute Covishield vaccines on 7 February 2021.[78] Bangladesh procured 7 million doses and India had meant to gift a further 3.3 million doses.[79] Due to a second wave of COVID-19 in India, the vaccine export was halted. It hampered the vaccination program in Bangladesh.[80]
In April 2021, Bangladesh sent medicines and medical equipment to India following the deteriorating COVID-19 situation in India. The relief package consisted of approximately 10,000 vials of Remdesivir, (produced in Bangladesh by Beximco) anti-viral injections, oral anti-viral, 30,000 PPE kits, and several thousand Zinc, Calcium, Vitamin C and other necessary tablets.[81] In May 2021, the government of Bangladesh sent a second consignment of COVID-19 relief consisting of antibiotics, paracetamol, protective equipment and hand sanitiser.[82]
Contentions
This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(December 2024)
A major area of contention has been the construction and operation of the Farakka Barrage by India to increase water supply in the River Hooghly. Bangladesh insists that it does not receive a fair share of the Ganges waters during the drier seasons, and gets flooded during the monsoons when India releases excess waters.[citation needed]
Deaths of Bangladeshi citizens in the Indo-Bangladesh border became one of the embarrassments between the two nation's bilateral relations in recent years. The so-called "shoot-to-kill" policy by India's Border Security Forces (BSF)[83] that according to Human Rights Watch killed nearly 1,000 Bangladeshis between 2001 and 2011 has remained at the core of the talks between Bangladeshi and Indian officials visiting each other.[84][85] Indian officials visiting Bangladesh including the Indian foreign ministers and BSF chiefs numerously vowed to stop BSF shootings, but Bangladeshi nationals, comprising mostly illicit border crossers, have continued to be shot dead by the Indian troops.[86]
While anger grew in Bangladesh because of the continued BSF shootings and subsequent deaths,[83][87][88] Indian officials argue that heightened security has followed the increasing flow of illegal migrations into India as well as continued misuse of the border by illicit traders. Indian officials, vowing to cut down the number of casualties at border, showed statistics that the number of Bangladeshi deaths was in a steady decline in recent years.[86] The Bangladeshi deaths caused by BSF shootings at the border became subject to a so-called cyber war between the hackers of the two countries that took the websites of BSF, National Informatics Centre and Trinamool Congress as victims.[89] The government of Bangladesh was found to comment on the issue condemning the cyber attacks on Indian websites.
The Bangladesh side has also been found to have indulged in violation of border between the two countries. One such incident was the 2001 Invasion of the Padua or Pyrdiwah Village. Between April 16–19, 2001, Bangladesh Rifles (BDR) intruded into Pyriduwah, Meghalaya, triggering border tensions. Heavy firing followed in Boraibari, Assam, on April 17–18, during which 16 BSF personnel went missing. India engaged through BSF and diplomatic channels, demanding an end to hostilities, BDR withdrawal, and restoration of the status quo, which, according to India's Ministry of External Affairs, was completed by April 19.[90] When the bodies of the 16 missing personnel were returned on April 20, some of them showed signs of mutilation, with eight soldiers shot at point-blank range "through the eyes". The incident raised grave concerns over violations of international norms and human rights. In photographs circulated in the media, some Bangladeshi villagers could be seen carrying the body of one of the victims of the killings dangling by his hands and feet from a bamboo pole "like a dead tiger". The unprovoked intrusion and the inhumane treatment and killing of the soldiers was condemned by India.[91][92] The soldiers did not die during skirmishes but were killed after the fighting ended as evident in the case of Deputy Commander Mandal where rigor-mortis was just setting in after his corpse was returned indicating death within a period of 24 hours.[90]
Attempts have been made to reduce killings on the border. BSF brought about a policy change to minimize fatalities in shooting incidents involving trespassers and pledged use of non-lethal weaponry that may not kill hostiles at a safe distance and may only cause fatalities should the hostile actors get too close with intent to kill.[93]
There have also been disputes regarding the transfer of Teen Bigha Corridor to Bangladesh. Part of Bangladesh is surrounded by the Indian state of West Bengal. On 26 June 1992, India leased three bigha land to Bangladesh to connect this enclave with mainland Bangladesh. There was a dispute regarding the indefinite nature of the lease. The dispute was resolved by a mutual agreement between India and Bangladesh in 2011.[94]
Terrorist activities targeting India are carried out by certain terror-outfits based in Bangladesh, like Ansarullah Bangla Team affiliated to Al-Qaeda and Harkat-ul-Jihad-al-Islami.[95]
Illegal Bangladeshi immigration into India has also been a major area of contention in the relations.[96] The border is porous and migrants are able to cross illegally, though sometimes only in return for financial or other incentives to border security personnel.[96] Bangladeshi officials have denied the existence of Bangladeshis living in India and those illegal migrants found are described as having been trafficked.[96] This has considerable repercussions for those involved, as they are stigmatized for having been involved in prostitution, whether or not this has actually been the case. Cross border migrants are also at far higher risk of HIV/AIDS infection
Others
Both Bangladesh and India made claims over the same seawater at the Bay of Bengal before settlement of the issue.[97]
There was a minor glitch in their relation when former Indian Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh accidentally mentioned that 25% of Bangladeshis are anti-Indian, during an informal press meet.[98]
High level visits
Prime Minister of Bangladesh Khaleda Zia inspecting Guard of Honour at a Ceremonial Reception in New Delhi, March 2006.
President Ershad visited India in 1982.[99] Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina visited India in 2010 to sign number of deals.[100] Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh visited Dhaka in 2011 to sign number of deals.[101] Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited Bangladesh which was historic as land boundary agreement was solved in 2015.[102]
^"50yrs of Bangladesh-India Ties: Focus should be on trade, connectivity". The Daily Star. 6 December 2021. Archived from the original on 6 December 2021. Retrieved 30 December 2021. We've a very special relationship with India. The relationship is the friendliest. The friendship of Bangladesh and India is in our hearts. The bonds of friendship will remain firm and long-lasting," she quoted Bangabandhu as saying in 1972.
^Latifee, Enamul Hafiz; Hossain, Md. Sajib (22 August 2019). "Forging stronger Indo-Bangla economic ties". The Independent. Independent Publications Limited. Archived from the original on 25 August 2019. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
^David Lewis (2011). Bangladesh: Politics, Economy and Civil Society. Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32. ISBN978-1-139-50257-3. By 1974, Pakistan had recognised Bangladesh, and Mujib ... began participating in the Organization of the Islamic Conference. This, in turn, brought an end to the early positive phase of Bangladesh's relationship with India ... Saudi Arabia to recognise Bangladesh ... Zia's new emphasis on building a stronger Islamic identity in place of the earlier emphasis on an ethnolinguistic foundation. This shift also contributed to the creation of a more anti-Indian domestic political climate ... Ershad's government continued to build on the positive relation that Zia started building with the United States ... Relations with China also continued to remain close, but unlike Zia, Ershad did not make any effort to maintain friendly relations with the Soviet Union.
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