Bahujan Samaj Party

Bahujan Samaj Party
AbbreviationBSP
PresidentMayawati[1]
General Secretary
Rajya Sabha LeaderRamji Gautam
FounderKanshi Ram
Founded14 April 1984 (40 years ago) (1984-04-14)
Preceded byDalit Shoshit Samaj Sangharsh Samiti
Headquarters12, Gurudwara Rakabganj Road, New Delhi, India-110001
NewspaperBahujan Samaj Bulletin
IdeologySocial justice[3]
Self-Respect[3]
Colours  Blue
ECI StatusNational Party
AllianceBSP+SAD (2022–2023)
BSP+GGP (2023–2024)
BSP+INLD (2023–)
Seats in Lok Sabha
0 / 543
Seats in Rajya Sabha
1 / 245
Seats in State Legislative Assembly
3 / 4,036
List
1 / 70
(Uttarakhand)
1 / 117
(Punjab)
1 / 403
(Uttar Pradesh)
Seats in State Legislative Council
0 / 426
Number of states and union territories in government
0 / 31
Election symbol
Website
bahujansamajparty.net

The Bahujan Samaj Party (abbr. BSP) is a political party in India that was formed to represent Bahujans (literally means "community in majority"), referring to Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, and Other Backward Classes (OBC), along with religious minorities.[4] According to Kanshi Ram, when he founded the party in 1984, the Bahujans comprised 85 percent of India's population, but were divided into 6,000 different castes.[5][6] The party claims to be inspired by the philosophy of B. R. Ambedkar, Jyotiba Phule, Narayana Guru, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj, and Gautama Buddha.

Kanshi Ram named his protégée, Mayawati, as his successor in 2001. The BSP has its main base in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh where it was the second-largest party in the 2019 Indian general election with 19.3% of votes[7] and fourth largest in the 2022 Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly election with 12.88% of votes.[8] Its election symbol is an elephant which is the same symbol historically used by Dr. Ambedkar's Scheduled Castes Federation.[9]

Etymology

BSP rally in Mumbai

"Bahujan" is a Sanskritic term found in Hindu and Buddhist texts, and literally refers to "many people", or "the majority". It connotes the combined population of the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Muslims, and minorities who together constitute the demographic majority of India.[10][11] The word "Bahujan" appears in the dictum "Bahujana Hitaya Bahujana Sukhaya", or "The benefit and prosperity of the many", articulated by Gautama Buddha.[12][13][14]

In his writing, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar used the term to refer to the majority of people in society that experienced discrimination and oppression on the basis of caste. Jyotirao Phule used the term in a similar context, and compared the Bahujans of India to Slavery in the United States. Schedule Caste and Bahujan writers have suggested this proportion was 70 percent of the population.[14][15]

History

Bahujan Samaj Party flag used in public

Bahujan Samaj Party was founded on the birth anniversary of B. R. Ambedkar (14 April 1984) by Kanshi Ram,[16] who named former school teacher, Mayawati, as his successor of BSP in 2001.[17] The party's power grew quickly with seats in the Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh and the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. In 1993, following the assembly elections, Mayawati formed a coalition with Samajwadi Party president Mulayam Singh Yadav as Chief Minister. On 2 June 1995, she withdrew support from his government, which led to a major incident where Mulayam Singh Yadav was accused of sending his zealots to keep her party legislators hostage at a Lucknow guest house and shout casteist abuses at her.[18] Since this incident, they have regarded each other publicly as chief rivals.[19] Mayawati then obtained support from the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) to become Chief Minister on 3 June 1995. In October 1995, the BJP withdrew their support and fresh elections were called after a period of President's Rule. In 2003, Mayawati resigned from her own government to prove that she was not "hungry for power"[20] and asked the BJP-run Government of India to remove Union Tourism and Culture Minister, Jagmohan.[21] In 2007, she began leading a BSP-formed government with an absolute majority for a full five-year term.[22]

On 10 December 2023, Mayawati declared her nephew Akash Anand as the party's successor.[23][24][25] However, he was sacked immediately after his comments on the ruling BJP Party.[26]

Silver jubilee

On 14 April 2009, the Bahujan Samaj Party celebrated its silver jubilee.[27] The Manywar Shri Kanshi Ramji Shahri Garib Awas Yojna housing scheme for poor was launched by Lucknow Development Authority (LDA).[28] The role of Mayawati was discussed in BSP's success.[29] A mass rally was organised in Lucknow with 10000 police personnel on duty.[30] It was the 305th and largest rally of BSP since 1984.[31] As per Observer Research Foundation, within 25 years BSP became the third largest political party of India.[32]

Views

BSP believes in "Social Transformation and Economic Emancipation" of the "Bahujan Samaj". The Bahujan Samaj signifies the Bahujans as the Scheduled Castes (SC), the Scheduled Tribes (ST), and the Other Backward Castes (OBC). B. R. Ambedkar, a proponent of Bahujan rights, is their important ideological inspiration. The BSP also speaks in favor of religious minorities. The party claims not to be prejudiced against upper-caste Hindus. In 2008, while addressing the audience, Mayawati said: "Our policies and ideology are not against any particular caste or religion. If we were anti-upper caste, we would not have given tickets to candidates from upper castes to contest elections".[33]

List of chief ministers

Chief ministers of Uttar Pradesh

No Image Name Constituency Term of office Tenure length Assembly
1 Mayawati None 3 June 1995 18 October 1995 137 days 12th Assembly
(1993 election)
Harora 21 March 1997 21 September 1997 184 days 13th Assembly
(1996 election)
3 May 2002 29 August 2003 1 year, 118 days 14th Assembly
(2002 election)
MLC 13 May 2007 15 March 2012 4 years, 307 days 15th Assembly
(2007 election)

Electoral performances

Success in 2007

The results of the May 2007 Uttar Pradesh state assembly election saw the BSP emerge as a sole majority party, the first to do so since 1991. Mayawati began her fourth term as Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh and took her oath of office along with 50 ministers of cabinet and state rank on 13 May 2007, at Rajbhawan in the state capital of Lucknow.[34] Most importantly, the majority achieved in large part was due to the party's ability to take away majority of upper castes votes from their traditional party, the BJP.[35]

Flags of Bahujan Samaj Party at Shivaji Park, Mumbai

The party could manage only 80 seats in 2012, as opposed to 206 in 2007 assembly elections. BSP government was the first in the history of Uttar Pradesh to complete its full five-year term.[36] On 26 May 2018, Ram Achal Rajbhar was replaced by R S Kushwaha as the president of UP unit.[37]

2014 Lok Sabha elections

The 2014 national Lok Sabha elections saw the BSP become the third-largest national party of India in terms of vote percentage, having 4.2% of the vote across the country but gaining no seats.[38]

2019 Lok Sabha elections: Mahagathbandhan

Prior to the 2019 Lok Sabha elections, BSP formed an alliance. The Mahagathbandhan (or Grand Alliance), or simply the Gathbandhan (Alliance),[39][40] is an anti-Congress,[41] anti-BJP[42] Indian political alliance formed in the run-up to the 2019 general election under the leadership of two former Chief Ministers of Uttar Pradesh, Akhilesh Yadav of the Samajwadi Party and Mayawati of the Bahujan Samaj Party, along with Ajit Singh's Rashtriya Lok Dal and several other political parties, contesting in different states of India.[43][44][45][46][47][48]

In Uttar Pradesh, BSP contested 38 seats, SP 37, and RLD 3, and the alliance supported Congress in the final two. Due to this seat sharing agreement, BSP's vote share fell slightly nationally and in the state, but they won 10 seats, up from 0 in 2014. The Samajwadi Party won 5 seats, giving the alliance a total of 15 seats out of 80 in the state.[49]

2024 Lok Sabha elections: Historic setback

On 19 July 2023, the BSP had announced that it would neither side with the INDIA nor the NDA and would go alone in the 2024 Indian General Election.[50] However, it had its worst performance in a Lok Sabha election. It lost all ten of its seats in Uttar Pradesh that it had gained in the previous election and didn't gain any seats elsewhere. Its national vote share fell to 2.07%, less than half of what it was in 2014 when it also won 0 seats.[51]

Election results

Lok Sabha

Lok Sabha term Year Seats
contested 		Seats won +/- Seats vote % +/- vote % State (seats)
9th 1989 245
4 / 543
 Increase 4 2.07% - Punjab (1)
UP (3)[52]
10th 1991 231
3 / 543
 Decrease 1 1.61% Decrease 0.46% MP (1)
Punjab (1)
UP (1)[53]
11th 1996 210
11 / 543
 Increase 8 4.02% Increase 2.41% MP (2)
Punjab (3)
UP (6)
12th 1998 251
5 / 543
 Decrease 6 4.67% Increase 0.65% Haryana (1)
UP (4)
13th 1999 225
14 / 543
 Increase 9 4.16% Decrease 0.49% UP (14)
14th 2004 435
19 / 543
 Increase 5 5.33% Increase 1.17% UP (19)
15th 2009 500
21 / 543
 Increase 2 6.17% Increase 0.84% MP (1)
UP (20)
16th 2014 503
0 / 543
 Decrease 21 4.19% Decrease 1.98% —
17th 2019 383
10 / 543
 Increase 10 3.67% Decrease 0.52% UP (10)
18th 2024 424
0 / 543
 Decrease 10 2.07% Decrease 1.6% —

Legislative Assembly elections

Year Seats contested Seats won +/- Voteshare (%) +/- (%)
Bihar Legislative Assembly
1990 164
0 / 324
 Steady 0.73%
1995 161
2 / 324
 Increase2 1.34%
2000 249
5 / 324
 Increase3 1.89%
Feb 2005 238
2 / 243
 Decrease3 4.41%
Oct 2005 212
4 / 243
 Increase2 4.17%
2010 243
0 / 243
 Decrease4 3.21%
2015 228
0 / 243
 Steady 2.1%
2020 80
1 / 243
 Increase1 1.5%
Chhattisgarh Legislative Assembly
2003 54
2 / 90
 Increase2 4.45%
2008 90
2 / 90
 Steady 6.11%
2013 90
1 / 90
 Decrease1 4.27%
2018 33
2 / 90
 Increase1 3.9%
2023 58
0 / 90
 Decrease 0 2.05%
Delhi Legislative Assembly
1993 55
1 / 70
 Increase1 3.90%
1998 58
0 / 70
 Decrease1 3.15%
2003 40
0 / 70
 Steady 5.76%
2008 70
2 / 70
 Increase2 14.05%
2013 69
0 / 70
 Decrease2 5.33%
2015 70
0 / 70
 Steady 1.31%
2020 68
0 / 70
 Steady 0.71%
Haryana Legislative Assembly
2000 83
1 / 90
 Increase1 5.74%
2005 84
1 / 90
 Steady 3.22%
2009 86
1 / 90
 Steady 6.73%
2014 87
1 / 90
 Steady 4.4%
2019 87
0 / 90
 Decrease1 4.21%
2024 35
0 / 90
 Steady 1.81%
Himachal Pradesh Legislative Assembly
1990 35
0 / 68
 Steady 0.94%
1993 49
0 / 68
 Steady 2.25%
1998 28
0 / 68
 Steady 1.41%
2003 23
0 / 68
 Steady 0.7%
2007 67
1 / 68
 Increase1 7.40%
2012 67
0 / 68
 Decrease1 1.7%
2017 42
0 / 68
 Steady 0.49%
2022 53
0 / 68
 Steady 0.35%
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly
1996 29
4 / 87
 Increase4 6.43%
2002 33
1 / 87
 Decrease3 4.50%
2008 83
0 / 87
 Decrease1 3.73%
2014 50
0 / 87
 Steady 1.41%
2024 27
0 / 87
 Steady 0.96%
Jharkhand Legislative Assembly
2009 78
0 / 81
 Steady 2.44%
2014 61
1 / 81
 Steady 1.8%
2019 67
0 / 81
 Decrease1 2.5%
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
2018 18
1 / 234
 Increase1 0.30%
2023 133
0 / 234
 Decrease1 0.31%
Kerala Legislative Assembly
2011 122
0 / 140
 Steady 0.60%
2016 74
0 / 140
 Steady 0.24%
2021 72
0 / 140
 Steady 0.23%
Madhya Pradesh Legislative Assembly
1990 183
2 / 320
 Increase2 3.54% -
1993 286
11 / 320
 Increase9 7.05% Increase3.51%
1998 170
11 / 320
 Steady 6.15% Decrease0.9%
2003 157
2 / 230
 Decrease9 7.26% Decrease1.11%
2008 228
7 / 230
 Increase5 8.97% Increase1.71%
2013 227
4 / 230
 Decrease3 6.29% Decrease2.68%
2018 227
2 / 230
 Decrease2 5.01% Decrease1.28%
2023 181
0 / 230
 Decrease2 3.40% Decrease1.61%
Maharashtra Legislative Assembly
1990 122 0 Steady 0.42%
1995 145 0 Steady 1.49%
1999 83 0 Steady 0.39%
2004 272 0 Steady 4.0%
2009 287 0 Steady 2.35%
2014 280 0 Steady 2.33%
2019 262 0 Steady 0.92%
2024 262 0 Steady 0.48%
Punjab Legislative Assembly
1992 105
9 / 117
 Increase9 16.32%
1997 67
1 / 117
 Decrease8 7.48%
2002 100
0 / 117
 Decrease1 5.69%
2007 115
0 / 117
 Steady 4.13%
2012 117
0 / 117
 Steady 4.29%
2017 111
0 / 117
 Steady 1.52%
2022 20
1 / 117
 Increase1 1.77%
Rajasthan Legislative Assembly
1990 57
0 / 200
 Steady 0.79%
1993 50
0 / 200
 Steady 0.56%
1998 108
2 / 200
 Increase2 2.17%
2003 124
2 / 200
 Steady 3.97%
2008 199
6 / 200
 Increase4 7.60%
2013 199
3 / 200
 Decrease3 3.37%
2018 199
6 / 200
 Increase3 4.03%
2023[54] 199
2 / 200
 Decrease4 1.82%
Telangana Legislative Assembly
2018 106
0 / 117
 Decrease2 2.10%
2023 106
0 / 117
 Steady 1.37%
Uttarakhand Legislative Assembly
2002 68
7 / 70
 Increase7 10.93% -
2007 70
8 / 70
 Increase1 11.76% Increase 0.83%
2012 70
3 / 70
 Decrease5 12.19% Increase 0.43%
2017
0 / 70
 Decrease3 6.98% Decrease 5.21%
2022 54
2 / 70
 Increase2 4.82% Decrease 1.16%
Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly
1989 372
13 / 425
 Increase13 9.41% -
1991 386
12 / 425
 Decrease1 9.44% Increase0.03%
1993 164
67 / 425
 Increase55 11.12% Increase1.68%
1996 299
67 / 425
 Steady 19.64% Increase8.52%
2002 401
98 / 403
 Increase31 23.06% Increase3.42%
2007 403
206 / 403
 Increase108 30.43% Increase7.37%
2012 403
80 / 403
 Decrease126 25.91% Decrease4.48%
2017 403
19 / 403
 Decrease61 22.23% Decrease3.71%
2022 403
1 / 403
 Decrease18 12.88% Decrease9.43%
  • Bsp cadre Madhya pradesh
    Bsp cadre Madhya pradesh
  • BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra
    BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra
  • BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra
    BSP Leaders at Bahujan Samaj Prerna Kendra
  • BSP cadre camp
    BSP cadre camp
  • BSP cadre camp
    BSP cadre camp
  • BSP cadre camp
    BSP cadre camp
  • BSP cadre camp
    BSP cadre camp
  • BSP cadre camp
    BSP cadre camp
  • Bsp Cadre Madhya Pradesh
    Bsp Cadre Madhya Pradesh
  • Bsp Cadre
    Bsp Cadre

See also

Further reading

References

  1. ^ livemint (26 May 2018). "Mayawati says she will remain BSP president for next 20 years". livemint.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2018. Retrieved 26 May 2018.
  2. ^ "BSP appoints Munquad Ali as UP party chief, Danish Ali removed as leader in LS". India Today. 7 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
  3. ^ a b Shyam Singh, 2010. "Dalit Movement and Emergence of the Bahujan Samaj Party in Uttar Pradesh: Politics and Priorities," Working Papers 242, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore.
  4. ^ "Bahujan Samaj Party". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 October 2019. Retrieved 11 October 2019.
  5. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Hurst. ISBN 9781850653981. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  6. ^ "The Contradictory Bahujan of the BSP – Countercurrents". Countercurrents. 28 April 2017. Archived from the original on 28 October 2018. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  7. ^ "Indian politics has undergone a tremendous change. Uttar Pradesh results the proof". The Economic Times. 26 May 2019. Archived from the original on 29 August 2019. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  8. ^ "UP Election Results: Landslide victory for BJP, SP distant 2nd; Congress, BSP decimated". Zee News. 10 March 2022. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  9. ^ Mishra, Anant Shekhar (20 April 2014). "A tale of election symbols". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 March 2022. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
  10. ^ "What is Bahujan, Mandal, and Kamandal Politics in India?". The Justice Mirror. 22 January 2022. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  11. ^ Chishti, Seema (27 January 2022). "The substance of the U.P. elections". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 5 March 2022.
  12. ^ Gurusamy, S. (2013). Dalit Empowerment in India. MJP Publisher. p. 98. GGKEY:SW8XELLJGLC. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  13. ^ Madan, Gurmukh Ram (1999). Buddhism: Its Various Manifestations. Mittal Publications. p. 47. ISBN 978-81-7099-728-3.
  14. ^ a b Roy, Indrajit (2015). "Transformative politics: The imaginary of the Mulnibasi in West Bengal". In Chandra, Uday; Heierstad, Geir; Nielsen, Kenneth Bo (eds.). The Politics of Caste in West Bengal. Routledge. pp. 169–192. ISBN 978-1-317-41477-3.
  15. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe (2003). India's Silent Revolution: The Rise of the Lower Castes in North India. Columbia University Press. p. 153. ISBN 978-0-231-12786-8. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
  16. ^ Singh, Pitam (2003). Women legislators in Indian politics. New Delhi: Concept Pub. Co. p. 101. ISBN 8180690199. Archived from the original on 6 July 2023. Retrieved 8 November 2020.
  17. ^ Pradhan, Sharat (15 December 2001). "Kanshi Ram declares Mayawati as his successor". Rediff News. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  18. ^ "Report indicting Mulayam Singh Yadav comes handy for BJP". India Today. 15 August 1996. Archived from the original on 10 July 2021. Retrieved 12 May 2016.
  19. ^ Ghildiyal, Subodh. "Why Mayawati cannot stand Mulayam".
  20. ^ "Uttar Pradesh chief quits". BBC News. 26 August 2003. Archived from the original on 15 July 2018. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  21. ^ "Mayawati offers to resign". The Times of India. 25 August 2003. Archived from the original on 7 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  22. ^ "Mayawati rules Uttar Pradesh". India Today. 21 May 2007. Archived from the original on 8 April 2016. Retrieved 25 March 2016.
  23. ^ "Akash Anand: 2017 में राजनीति में एंट्री, छह साल में ही मायावती के उत्तराधिकारी घोषित, जानें कौन हैं आकाश आनंद". Amar Ujala. 10 December 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023.
  24. ^ "Akash Anand is Mayawati's successor in BSP: 5 things to know about him". mint. 10 December 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023.
  25. ^ "BSP chief Mayawati declares nephew Akash Anand as 'uttaradhikari', says party leader". The Hindu. 10 December 2023. Archived from the original on 10 December 2023.
  26. ^ "BSP chief questions his 'maturity': After his attack on BJP, Maya sacks nephew as her heir". The Indian Express. 7 May 2024. Retrieved 5 June 2024.
  27. ^ Mathew, Liz (14 April 2009). "BSP celebrates silver jubilee with golden hopes". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  28. ^ Shah, Pankaj (6 March 2010). "LDA ready with its gift for BSP silver jubilee". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 11 July 2021. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  29. ^ Singh, Pallavi (18 November 2009). "25 years on, what's next for Mayawati?". Live Mint. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  30. ^ "BSP supporters congregate in Lucknow to celebrate party's 25 years". Sify. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  31. ^ "Lucknow braces for mega BSP rally today". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  32. ^ Misra, Satish. "BSP's 25-year Journey: What Next?". ORF. Archived from the original on 26 December 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2019.
  33. ^ "BSP is not anti-upper caste: Mayawati". Hindustan Times. 26 November 2008. Archived from the original on 23 September 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
  34. ^ "Mayawati takes oath as UP CM". NDTV. Archived from the original on 16 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  35. ^ "Upper castes played crucial role in bsp victory in up assembly elections". Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  36. ^ "Election Commission of India". Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 7 March 2012.
  37. ^ "Mayawati effects major reshuffle in BSP, RS Kushwaha appointed state president in UP". 26 May 2018. Archived from the original on 27 June 2018. Retrieved 27 June 2018.
  38. ^ "BSP gets third-largest vote share, but no seat". Business Standard. Archived from the original on 13 September 2015. Retrieved 16 September 2015.
  39. ^ 'SP-BSP-RLD thagbandhan won't cross double digits' Archived 19 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, The Hindu (14 April 2019) [verification needed]
  40. ^ P, Shilpa (11 April 2019). "We can become kingmakers: BSP chief Mayawati eggs on party workers". Deccan Chronicle. Archived from the original on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 13 April 2019. [verification needed]
  41. ^ "BSP will play a role in 'balance of power' at Centre: Mayawati". The Hindu. 10 April 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2019. [verification needed]
  42. ^ "Mayawati should be PM, says Pawan Kalyan after poll pact with BSP. She nods". Hindustan Times. 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 May 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  43. ^ "Will Be Very Happy, Says Akhilesh Yadav on Mayawati As PM Candidate". NDTV.com. Archived from the original on 13 April 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  44. ^ "Akhilesh hints at supporting Maya as PM". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  45. ^ "PDA to project Mayawati as next PM, says Khaira". The Hindu. Press Trust of India. 23 January 2019. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 September 2020. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  46. ^ "Mayawati would make an excellent PM, says Ajit Jogi". Hindustan Times. 22 October 2018. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  47. ^ "Akhilesh tweets alliance 'logo' made by supporter". The Indian Express. 20 March 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019. [verification needed]
  48. ^ SP-BSP Gathbandhan: How effective is the alliance?, 12 April 2019, archived from the original on 18 April 2023, retrieved 13 April 2019 [verification needed]
  49. ^ Anshuman, Kumar (23 May 2019). "Mahagathbandhan in UP losing five seats because of Congress, one because of Shivpal". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2021. Retrieved 29 May 2019.
  50. ^ "'Neither NDA nor INDIA': Mayawati spells out BSP stand, then explains". Hindustan Times. 19 July 2023.
  51. ^ "Mayawati's BSP draws blank in Lok Sabha polls: Decoding what went wrong". India Today. 5 June 2024.
  52. ^ "Members : Lok Sabha". IIS Windows Server. 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 13 December 2018. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
  53. ^ "Members : Lok Sabha". IIS Windows Server (in Javanese). 2 May 2016. Retrieved 2 May 2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  54. ^ "Eknath Shinde's Shiv Sena Gains Ground in Rajasthan as Two BSP MLAs Join Party". Lokmat Times. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
  55. ^ "Back to basics, Mayawati to hold cadre camp in Delhi". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 3 August 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  56. ^ "Journey of a Dalit Party: Why is the BSP Not Able to Extend beyond (...) - Mainstream Weekly". mainstreamweekly.net. Archived from the original on 21 May 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  57. ^ "Kanshi Ram worked for the Republican Party of India for eight years". The Quint. Archived from the original on 26 June 2018. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  58. ^ "SAMATA PARTY – Official Website". Archived from the original on 15 February 2022. Retrieved 25 April 2022.
  59. ^ "Stop Touching My Feet, BSP Chief Mayawati Tells Party Workers". News18. 19 February 2018. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bahujan Samaj Party.

Read other articles:

Aerostatika

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Maret 2016. Aerostatika merupakan ilmu fisika yang mempelajari tentang keseimbangan gas dan benda padat yang berada di dalam gas itu apabila hanya dipengaruhi oleh daya gravitasi alamiah.[1][2] Hukum Archimedes menyatakan bahwa benda padat itu mengal...

 

 

Coogee Bay Road

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Januari 2023. Coogee Bay Road adalah satu dari dua jalan utama di kota Coogee, New South Wales. Coogee merupakan pinggiran tepi pantai di Sydney, Australia. Coogee Bay Road berisi banyak restoran dan kafe juga sebuah sekolah dasar dan mal perbelanjaan kecil. Jalan u...

 

 

Savona Foot-Ball Club 1951-1952

Voce principale: Savona 1907 Foot-Ball Club. Savona Foot-Ball ClubStagione 1951-1952Sport calcio Squadra Savona Allenatore Angelo Bacigalupo Presidente Stefano Del Buono Serie C7º posto nel girone A. Retrocesso in IV Serie. 1950-1951 1952-1953 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti il Savona Foot-Ball Club nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1951-1952. Rosa N. Ruolo Calciatore A Giovanni Bacciarello C Bruno Barbieri C F. Bertolo...

I Can See Your Voice (British game show)

British television game show For the most recent season, see I Can See Your Voice (British game show) series 2. I Can See Your VoiceGenre Mystery Music Reality competition Panel show Game show Based onI Can See Your Voiceby CJ ENMWritten byDavid ReillyDirected by Meyrick Cook Julia Knowles Sam Nutt Peter Oliver Creative directorElizabeth HonanPresented byPaddy McGuinnessStarring Alison Hammond Jimmy Carr Amanda Holden Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series2No. of...

 

 

Pattullo Bridge

Bridge in New Westminster and Surrey, British Columbia Pattullo BridgeCoordinates49°12′27″N 122°53′41″W / 49.207575°N 122.894654°W / 49.207575; -122.894654 (Pattullo Bridge)CarriesFour lanes of British Columbia Highway 1A/99A, pedestrians and bicyclesCrossesFraser RiverLocaleNew Westminster SurreyOwnerTransLinkCharacteristicsDesignThrough arch bridgeTotal length1,227 meters (4,026 ft)HistoryOpenedNovember 15, 1937; 86 years ago...

 

 

Alan Jackson

American country singer and songwriter This article is about the country artist. For other people named Alan Jackson, see Alan Jackson (disambiguation). Alan JacksonJackson in April 2010Background informationBirth nameAlan Eugene JacksonBorn (1958-10-17) October 17, 1958 (age 65)Newnan, Georgia, U.S.GenresNeotraditional countrybluegrassgospelOccupation(s)SingersongwriterInstrumentsVocalsacoustic guitarYears active1983–presentLabelsArista NashvilleEMI NashvilleBig MachineAlan's Country ...

Paul Koulibaly

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori burkinabé è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Paul Koulibaly Nazionalità  Burkina Faso Altezza 180 cm Calcio Ruolo Difensore Termine carriera 2018 CarrieraSquadre di club1 2005-2007 Étoile Ouagadougou? (?)2007 Al-Ittihad Tripoli2 (0)2008→  Al-Nasr Bengasi7 (1)2008-2009 União Leiria0 (0)2009 Al-Ittihad Tripoli? (?)2010-2011 Al-Shawehly? (?)2011-2012 Olympic ...

 

 

Jake Roper

American Internet celebrity (born 1987) Jake RoperPersonal informationBornJacob Alexander Roper (1987-01-25) January 25, 1987 (age 37)Evergreen, Colorado, U.S.NationalityAmericanEducationSchool of Visual ArtsOccupationYouTuberYouTube informationChannelsVsauce3Years active2010–presentGenre(s)Science, video game scienceSubscribers4.07 millionTotal views546 millionAssociated acts Michael Stevens Casey Neistat Mark Rober Creator Awards100,000 subscribers1,000,000 subscribers Last...

 

 

Papal supremacy

Doctrine that the Pope has supreme power over the whole Church Not to be confused with Papal primacy or Papal temporal power. This article is about the Catholic spiritual doctrine. For the doctrine of temporal authority in the Holy Roman Empire, see Universal power. Pius IX opening the First Vatican Council. It is during this council that papal supremacy was proclaimed a dogma. Papal primacy, supremacy and infallibility Overview Primacy of Peter & Papal primacy Papal supremacy Papal infal...

Germania (book)

Book by Publius Cornelius Tacitus For other uses, see Germania (disambiguation). Germania Map of the Roman Empire and Germania Magna in the early 2nd century, with the possible locations of some peoples described by Tacitus as GermanicAuthorPublius Cornelius TacitusLanguageLatinPublishedAD 98 (AD 98)Publication placeRoman Empire The Germania, written by the Roman historian Publius Cornelius Tacitus around 98 AD[1][2] and originally entitled On the Origin and Situatio...

 

 

Lars Klingbeil

Lars Klingbeil Presidente del Partido Socialdemócrata de Alemania Actualmente en el cargo Desde el 11 de diciembre de 2021Junto con Saskia EskenPredecesor Norbert Walter-Borjans Secretario general del Partido Socialdemócrata de Alemania 8 de diciembre de 2017-11 de diciembre de 2021Predecesor Hubertus HeilSucesor Kevin Kühnert Miembro del Bundestag Actualmente en el cargo Desde el 27 de septiembre de 2009 24 de enero-28 de octubre de 2005 Información personalNacimiento 23 de febrero de 19...

 

 

Anna Khachiyan

American podcaster (born 1985) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Leonidovna and the family name is Khachiyan. Anna KhachiyanАнна ХачиянKhachiyan in 2023BornAnna Leonidovna Khachiyan (1985-08-23) August 23, 1985 (age 38)Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet UnionCitizenship Russia United States Alma materRutgers UniversityNew York UniversityOccupationsWriterpodcasterNotable workRed Scare (since 2018)ParentLeonid Khachiyan (father) Anna Le...

Catamarca Province

Province of Argentina Not to be confused with Cajamarca. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Catamarca Province – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Province in San Fernando del Valle de Catamarca, ArgentinaCatamarcaProvinceProvinc...

 

 

Queerty

Online magazine QueertyType of siteOnline magazineAvailable inEnglishHeadquartersUnited StatesOwnerQ.DigitalEditorGraham GremoreURLqueerty.comCommercialYesLaunched2005; 19 years ago (2005)Current statusActive Queerty is an online magazine and newspaper covering gay- and LGBTQ-oriented entertainment and news, founded in 2005 by David Hauslaib.[1][2] As of June 2015, the site had more than five million monthly unique visitors.[3] History Queer...

 

 

Tears

Clear liquid secreted from glands in eyes of mammals For other uses, see Tears (disambiguation). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (May 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) T...

Naval Aircraft Factory PN

PN Naval Aircraft Factory PN-12 Role Patrol Flying BoatType of aircraft Manufacturer Naval Aircraft Factory Retired 1938 (PK-1) Primary user United States Navy Developed from Felixstowe F5L Variants Hall PH The Naval Aircraft Factory PN was a series of open cockpit American flying boats of the 1920s and 1930s. A development of the Felixstowe F5L flying boat of the First World War, variants of the PN were built for the United States Navy by Douglas, Keystone and Martin. Development and d...

 

 

Teutobod

2nd-century BC Teutonic king The supposed migrations of the Teutons and the Cimbri.L Cimbri and Teutons defeats.W Cimbri and Teutons victories. Teutobod was a king of the Teutons, who, together with the allied Cimbri, invaded the Roman Republic in the Cimbrian War and won a spectacular victory at the Battle of Arausio in 105 BC. He was later captured at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae in 102 BC.[1] Life In the late 2nd century BC, together with their neighbors, allies, and possible relati...

 

 

تقويم أمازيغي

طالع أيضًا: تقويم قبطي هذه المقالة بحاجة لمراجعة خبير مختص في مجالها. يرجى من المختصين في مجالها مراجعتها وتطويرها. (أبريل 2014) ورقة رزنامة جزائرية موافقة لأول أيام السنة الأمازيغية (عجمية) رزنامة لليوم الأول من السنة الأمازيغية الموافقة آنذاك ل 14 جانفي التقويم الأمازيغي أو ...

Naguib Kheraj

British banker (born 1964) Naguib KherajCBEBornJuly 1964 (age 60)EducationDulwich CollegeAlma materUniversity of Cambridge Naguib Kheraj CBE (born July 1964) is a British banker. Early life Naguib Kheraj was born in July 1964.[1] Kheraj was educated at Dulwich College, London, and Cambridge University, where he graduated with a degree in economics. A member of the Ismaili community, Kheraj grew up in eastern Africa, Switzerland, Pakistan and the Middle East.[2]&...

 

 

Florida International University

Public university in University Park, Florida, US FIU redirects here. For other uses, see FIU (disambiguation). Florida International UniversityMottoSpes Scientia Facultas (Latin)Motto in EnglishHope, Knowledge, OpportunityTypePublic research universityEstablished1965; 59 years ago (1965)FounderFlorida LegislatureParent institutionState University System of FloridaAccreditationSACSAcademic affiliationsCUMUGCUORAUUSUSea-grantSpace-grantEndowment$276 million (2022)Budget$...