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Autonomous Region
Autonomous Region
Category	1st-level administrative division
Location	Portugal
Created by	Portuguese Republic Constitution
Created	1976;
Number	2 (previously 3, 1976-1999)
Populations	246,746 (Azores); 267,785 (Madeira)
Areas	2,333 km2 (Azores); 801 km2 (Madeira)
Government	Regional Assembly; Regional Government ; Representative of the Republic;
Subdivisions	Municipalities; Parishes;

The two Autonomous Regions of Portugal from 1999 (Portuguese: Regiões Autónomas de Portugal) are the Azores (Região Autónoma dos Açores) and Madeira (Região Autónoma da Madeira). Together with Continental Portugal (Portugal Continental), they form the Portuguese Republic.

History

The autonomous regions were established in 1976 in the aftermath of the Carnation Revolution, which saw Portugal end its colonial empire.^[1] Some areas, such as the Azores, Madeira and Macau, were deemed either impractical to decolonise or too close in ties to Continental Portugal to make independent. However, due to their distinct geography, economy, social and cultural situation, as well as historical aspirations of autonomy in Madeira and the Azores, the autonomous regions were formed.^[2] When formed in 1976, there were two autonomous regions - the Azores and Madeira. As for Macau, in Asia, it remained a colony,^[3]^[4] with a higher degree of autonomy,^[5] when compared to Madeira and Azores,^[6] until it was handed over to China in 1999.

Constitution

Although the regions are politically and administratively autonomous, the Portuguese constitution specifies both a regional and national connection, obliging their administrations to maintain democratic principles and promote regional interests, while still reinforcing national unity.^[2] The third clause of article 255 of the Portuguese Constitution specifically points to maintenance of national integrity and sovereignty of the Portuguese State.^[2]

Administration

As defined by the Portuguese constitution and other laws, an autonomous region possesses its own political and administrative statute and has its own government. The branches of Government are the regional executive (Governo Regional) and the legislative assembly (known as the Assembleia Legislativa Regional). The assembly is elected by universal suffrage, using the D'Hondt method of proportional representation.

Originally, the sovereignty of the Portuguese Republic was represented in each autonomous region by the Minister of the Republic (Ministro da República), proposed by the Government of the Republic and appointed by the President of the Republic. After the sixth amendment to the Portuguese Constitution was passed in 2006, the Minister of the Republic was replaced by a less-powerful Representative of the Republic (Representante da República) who is appointed by the President, after listening to the Government, but otherwise it is a presidential prerogative.

The president of the regional executive (the Presidente do Governo Regional) is appointed by the Representative of the Republic according to the results of the election to the legislative assemblies.

Current Presidents of the Regional Executive:

Azores – José Manuel Bolieiro (Social Democratic Party)
Madeira – Miguel Albuquerque (Social Democratic Party)

References

^ "The Autonomy of Madeira". www.visitmadeira.com. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Art.255", Constituição da República Portuguesa (PDF) (in Portuguese) (VII Revisão Constituicional ed.), Lisbon, Portugal, 2005, retrieved 5 August 2005{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Feng, Bangyan (1999). Aomen gai lun (Xianggang di 1 ban ed.). Xianggang: San lian shu dian (Xianggang) you xian gong si. ISBN 978-962-04-1642-2.
^ "BBC News | ASIA-PACIFIC | Macau and the end of empire". news.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2024-08-07.
^ Edmonds, Richard Louis; Yee, Herbert S. (December 1999). "Macau: From Portuguese Autonomous Territory to Chinese Special Administrative Region". The China Quarterly. 160: 801–817. doi:10.1017/S030574100000134X. ISSN 1468-2648. S2CID 154387482.
^ "Imprensa Oficial -". bo.io.gov.mo. Retrieved 2024-08-07.