The plaza, as seen in 1976. The Sphere can be seen at the center of the plaza, and Ideogram is visible to the upper right, located between 1 and 2 World Trade Center.
The Austin J. Tobin Plaza, also known as the World Trade Center Plaza, was a large public square that was located on the World Trade Center site from 1966 until its destruction during the September 11 attacks in 2001. It covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha), making it the largest plaza in New York City by acreage at the time.
The plaza opened as part of the original World Trade Center on April 4, 1973, and was renamed after Austin J. Tobin in 1982. Several sculptures were located there, including The Sphere and Ideogram. The plaza was damaged by a car bomb in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing, and it was destroyed eight years later in the September 11 attacks.
Design and location
At the center of the plaza was The Sphere, and rows of benches were arranged in a circular pattern around the sculpture. The plaza was made of smooth marble and granite.[1] The plaza was landscaped,[1] and flowerbeds located near the benches were changed out seasonally.[2] A total of 37 staircases led up to the plaza,[3] and a staircase that led up to the plaza from Vesey Street was used to get to the plaza from 7 World Trade Center.[4][5]
Bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center site plan. The plaza covered a majority of the complex.
Another building, designed by architectural firm Walker & Gillette, was to be built on the eastern edge of the plaza, but was later cancelled due to sizing issues.[6] Director Gary Beck called the plaza a "naturally perfect performing site" and "accidentally one of the best in America".[7] Author Virginia Dajani also gave remarks on the plaza, stating that it was "considerably larger than the Piazza San Marco in Venice and infinitely less memorable".[8]
The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers.[9]
4 World Trade Center, adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets.[10]5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street.[9]
In early 1961, the plan for the original World Trade Center was released to the public, and the site was to be located along the East River. Due to heavy backlash, that December the project was relocated to a 16-acre (700,000 sq ft; 6.5 ha) plot in Lower Manhattan.[15] The plaza was brought into design in January 1964, when architect Minoru Yamasaki released a model for the complex at a press conference.[15][16] The original plans called for a reflecting pool at the center of the plaza.[16][17] In addition, the plaza would have been accessed through a single large entrance on Church Street to the east.[18] By May 1966, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, the site's developer, had revised the plans for the plaza; there would be entrances on all four sides, as well as a 80-foot-wide (24 m) fountain at the center of the plaza.[18]
Development of the plaza began on August 5, 1966, as the construction of other buildings that were part of the World Trade Center took place.[19] The plaza was constructed to be supported by large steel columns that reached into the "Bathtub" below,[20][21] and the foundations for the towers were also built into the plaza. These foundations reached into the bedrock below. The Bathtub, which helped hold the plaza, took up an underground space that reached to the West Side Highway and the 1/9 subway line.[20]
The plaza was renovated between 1998 and 1999.[1][25] The marble paving stones were replaced with gray and pink granite stones, new benches, planters, restaurants, food kiosks and outdoor eating areas were added. Trees were also planted, and lined the plaza entrances.[26] The total cost was $12 million (1999 USD).[25] The plaza covered 5 acres (220,000 sq ft; 2.0 ha),[2] and was the largest plaza in New York City.[2][27] Below the plaza was the Mall at the World Trade Center and a concourse.[28]
The underground garage below the plaza after the bombing
On February 26, 1993, a van bomb planted by al-Qaeda terrorists was detonated in the underground garage directly under the plaza, killing six and injuring over 1,000. The plaza was heavily damaged, and the communications center near the plaza was destroyed.[29] After the bombing, security was increased at the complex, and fire safety improvements were implemented.[30]
On February 26, 1995, a memorial fountain made of granite was dedicated in the Plaza to honor the victims of the 1993 bombing.[31] The fountain was designed by sculptor Elyn Zimmerman, and placed above the site of the explosion. It included an inscription with the names of the six victims of the attack, as well as a message that read: "On February 26, 1993, a bomb set by terrorists exploded below this site. This horrible act of violence killed innocent people, injured thousands, and made victims of us all."[32]
Security
The plaza was heavily monitored, and security cameras were placed on the rooftops of surrounding buildings to deter a potential terrorist attack. The cameras operated constantly, and more were installed facing the streets adjacent to the plaza. After the 1993 bombing, up to 300 security personnel were at the complex and plaza at any given time.[33] Crowds would often gather in the plaza for various events, although security prevented people from sitting on planters in between the benches that circled the plaza.[34]
The plaza during the attacks. Thousands of tons of debris fell from the towers onto the plaza, destroying it.
On September 11, 2001, a terrorist attack unfolded at the World Trade Center site, and the plaza became an evacuation route for civilians attempting to escape the area.[45] Firefighters directed a majority of the people who were evacuating to the mall located beneath the plaza via the lobby in the North Tower.[46] Many people also evacuated the area by using the Vesey Street staircase, which connected the plaza to Vesey Street.[45]
When 1 and 2 World Trade Center collapsed, about 600,000 tons of debris fell onto the plaza. The plaza sustained heavy damage and was destroyed as a result of fires inside of the rubble in the hours after the attack. The Sphere and Cloud Fortress were recovered, but the latter was demolished in recovery efforts at the site.[47]The Sphere is currently located in Liberty Park.[41]
The 1993 bombing memorial was heavily damaged during the September 11 attacks, and only a small segment of the fountain survived.[39]The Sphere was heavily damaged and was relocated to Battery Park in 2002;[48] it was moved to Liberty Park at the World Trade Center site in 2016.[49]The Sphere is the only artwork from the original World Trade Center to survive the September 11 attacks and subsequent recovery effort.[50]
Surrounding buildings and structures
Bird's-eye view of the World Trade Center site plan. The plaza covered a majority of the complex.
The plaza was surrounded by all seven buildings of the World Trade Center Complex. 1 World Trade Center was located on the west-facing side of the plaza adjacent to West Street and 2 World Trade Center was located on the south side of the plaza. Marriott World Trade Center (also known as 3 World Trade Center) was located on the southwestern corner of the plaza in between the towers.[51]
4 World Trade Center, adjacent to the South Tower, was positioned on the southeastern edge of the plaza bounded by Liberty and Church streets.[52]5 World Trade Center was located directly opposite of 4, bounded by Church and Vesey Street, and 6 World Trade Center was located on the northwestern edge of the plaza bounded by Vesey Street.[51]
^ abcBarnett, Jonathon; Gewain, Richard; Gilsanz, Ramon; Nelson, Harold "Bud". "WTC4, 5 & 6"(PDF). FEMA. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^Gillespie 1999, p. 213: "... Four World Trade Center, at the southeast corner of the complex, is New York's headquarters for commodities trading."
^Cite error: The named reference Dunlap 20082 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ abHamburger, Ronald; Baker, William; Barnett, Jonathon; Marrion, Christopher; Milke, James; Nelson, Harold "Bud" (2002). "WTC1 and WTC2"(PDF). FEMA. Archived(PDF) from the original on June 29, 2021. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^Buyukozturk, Oral; Ulm, Franz-Josef (2021). "Materials and structures"(PDF). MIT. Archived(PDF) from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^"Bench, Recovered". 9/11 Memorial & Museum. 2019. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 7, 2024.
^ abMoritz, Owen (June 20, 1999). "Grand Opening of Plaza at WTC". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 3, 2024.
^Fischbach, Amy Florence (March 2001). "Towering Security". Electrical Construction & Maintenance. Archived from the original on September 11, 2024. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^ abcBarnett, Jonathon; Gewain, Richard; Gilsanz, Ramon; Nelson, Harold "Bud". "WTC4, 5 & 6"(PDF). FEMA. Archived(PDF) from the original on October 11, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2024.
^Gillespie 1999, p. 213: "... Four World Trade Center, at the southeast corner of the complex, is New York's headquarters for commodities trading."
Gillespie, Angus K. (1999). Twin Towers: The Life of New York City's World Trade Center (1st ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. p. 263. ISBN0-8135-2742-2.
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