Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from worldly pleasures through self-discipline, self-imposed poverty, and simple living, often for...

Asceticism is a lifestyle characterized by abstinence from sensual pleasures, often for the purpose of pursuing spiritual goals. Asceticism has not been...

Hierax (Ancient Greek: Ἱέραξ), or Hieracas, was a learned ascetic who flourished about the end of the 3rd century AD at Leontopolis in Egypt, where he...

(male), sādhvī or sādhvīne (female), also spelled saddhu) is a religious ascetic, mendicant or any holy person in Hinduism and Jainism who has renounced...

Paphnutius the Ascetic (Coptic: Ⲁⲃⲃⲁ Ⲡⲁⲫⲛⲟⲩϯ, born 305 AD - died after 395 AD), also known as Paphnutius the Hermit, was an Egyptian anchorite of the...

commonly referred to as the Buddha (lit. 'the awakened one'), was a wandering ascetic and religious teacher who lived in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains during...

Ascetical theology refers to the systematic study or presentation of spiritual teachings derived from the Christian Bible—including the Hebrew Bible and...

Lucius the Ascetic was a 5th-century Syrian Christian abbot at Enaton. He was one of the Desert Fathers. He was a companion of Longinus. Wikiquote has...

Godman is a term used in India for a type of faith healer or spiritual leader who is often raised to a demigod-like figure by his cult following. They...

name nirgrantha, bondless, which was only used for ascetic wanderers. The salvational goal for ascetics is to reach moksha (liberation), while for most Jain...

Jahangir Visiting the Ascetic Jadrup is a Mughal painting by the artist Govardhan, dated to about 1620. It depicts the lavishly dressed Mughal emperor...

John Cassian (c. AD 360 – c. 435), also known as John the Ascetic and John Cassian the Roman, was a Christian monk and theologian celebrated in both the...

exerts themselves for some higher or religious purpose" or a "seeker, or ascetic, one who performs acts of austerity". In the early Vedic texts, the term...

Acetic acid /əˈsiːtɪk/, systematically named ethanoic acid /ˌɛθəˈnoʊɪk/, is an acidic, colourless liquid and organic compound with the chemical formula...

This is a list of Jain ascetics. The list include the names of ascetics who are known for their contributions to Jain philosophy and Jainism in general...

Mark the Ascetic or Marcus the Ascetic was a Christian theologian, saint, and ascetic writer of the fifth century AD. Mark is rather an ascetic than a dogmatic...

Amar Bharati is an Indian Sadhu or ascetic who is known for claiming to have kept his right arm raised for years in a testament of his devotion to the...

In Japan the term refers to the practice of Buddhist monks observing asceticism to the point of death and entering mummification while alive. Although...

ISBN 978-1-101-61794-6. Retrieved 7 August 2024. Miller, Flagg (2015). The Audacious Ascetic: What the Bin Laden Tapes Reveal About Al-Qa'ida. Oxford University Press...

This is a list of the ascetics belonging to the Digambara sect of Jainism. These ascetics are known for their contributions to Jain philosophy and Jainism...

characterized by inner-worldly asceticism, the world appears to the religious virtuoso as his responsibility. For Weber, the worldly ascetic is a rationalist. He...

 'not dreadful', 'dreadless', IAST: aghora) are a Hindu monastic order of ascetic Shaivite sadhus based in Uttar Pradesh, India. They are the only surviving...

Encyclopedia describes Nilus as "one of the leading ascetic writers of the 5th century." His Ascetic Discourse is found in volume I of the English Philokalia...

to marry her. In pursuit of this goal, Arjuna adopted the guise of an ascetic, contemplating under a tree with the hope that Krishna would facilitate...

mahāvratas (Great Vows), from Mahavira's teachings, are followed by all Jain ascetics of both the sects. Historians believe that a united Jain sangha (community)...

Nietzsche's purpose in the "Third Treatise" is "to bring to light, not what [the ascetic] ideal has done, but simply what it means; what it indicates; what lies...

(山伏, one who prostrates oneself on the mountain) are Japanese mountain ascetic hermits. They are generally part of the syncretic shugendō religion, which...

d. c. 700–707) was a Japanese ascetic and mystic, traditionally held to be the founder of Shugendō, the path of ascetic training practiced by the gyōja...

spiritual meditation practices in Indian religions. In Jainism, it means asceticism (austerities, body mortification); in Buddhism, it denotes spiritual practices...

concepts emerged during the fifth and sixth centuries BCE in ancient India's ascetic and Śramaṇa movements, including Jainism and Buddhism. The Yoga Sutras...

used to refer to the fourfold community of Muni (male ascetics), Aryika / Sadhvi (female ascetics), Śrāvaka (laymen), and Śrāvikā (laywomen). The word...

the Sramana movements of ancient India, which produced the structured ascetic orders of Jainism and Buddhism. Jain monasticism is defined by the Mahavratas...

from secular society to be able to lead an intensely prayer-oriented, ascetic, or Eucharist-focused life. Anchorites are frequently considered to be...

forest hermitage. First Young Ascetic (Nārada) A youthful ascetic disciple of Kanva. Second Young Ascetic Another youthful ascetic disciple of Kanva. Kanva...

(Persian: درویش, romanized: Darwēš) is a Muslim who seeks salvation through ascetic practices and meditations. It can refer to an individual or to a member...

Paraskeva of the Balkans, alternatively known as Petka, was an ascetic female saint of the 11th century. She was born in Epivates, near Constantinople...

is regarded in Buddhism as an enlightened disciple, being foremost in ascetic practice. Mahākāśyapa assumed leadership of the monastic community following...

wife of Prince Siddhartha prior to his renunciation to become a śramaṇa (ascetic). She was the mother of Rāhula, and the niece of Mahaprajapati Gautami...

IAST: Dhruva, lit. "unshakeable, immovable, fixed or eternal") was an ascetic devotee of Vishnu mentioned in the Vishnu Purana and the Bhagavata Purana...

Brahmanic idea of living according to one's duty or dharma, in contrast to the ascetic ideal of seeking liberation by avoiding all karma. Facing the perils of...

pursuits and dedicate their lives to spiritual pursuits. Sannyasa, a form of asceticism marked by renunciation of material desires and prejudices, is characterized...

The latter is further divided in the atimarga, solely for sanyassins (ascetic renunciates), and the mantramarga, open to both sanyassons and householders...

The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian, also known as the First Part, is a collection of homilies on the topic of Christian asceticism and prayer written...

University Press. Tanquerey, Adolphe (2001). The Spiritual Life: A Treatise on Ascetical and Mystical Theology. Rockford, Illinois: Tan Books & Publishers. p. 37...

Shakya polity, arose a prince who later renounced his status to lead an ascetic life, and came to be known as Gautama Buddha (traditionally dated 563–483...

benevolent aspects, he is depicted as an omniscient yogi who lives an ascetic life on Kailasa as well as a householder with his wife Parvati and his...

and ethical principles, but emphasize them differently. Both are śramaṇa ascetic traditions that posit it is possible to attain liberation from the cycle...

Moses the Strong, Moses the Robber, and Moses the Nubian , was a Nubian ascetic hieromonk in Egypt in the fourth century AD, and a Desert Father. He is...

Kalangi Nathar was an Indian ascetic who belonged to both the natha tradition of northern India and the siddha tradition of southern India. He was the...

and refers to its ascetics' practice of wearing white clothes, which sets it apart from the Digambara or "sky-clad" Jains whose ascetic practitioners go...

confined to his palace by his father, who feared that he would become an ascetic if he came into contact with sufferings of life according to a prediction...

humility, and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Ascetics such as Hasan al-Basri inspired a movement that would evolve into tasawwuf...

August [O.S. 25 July] 1924 – 12 July 1994) was a Greek Eastern Orthodox ascetic from Mount Athos, originally from Pharasa, Cappadocia. Today, he is widely...

Vairatiputra; literally, "Sañjaya of the Belattha clan"), was an Indian ascetic philosopher who lived around the 7th-6th century BC in the region of Magadha...

and Dubai. On 17 October 2015, Stigmata released their fourth album, The Ascetic Paradox. The recording lineup included Tenny, Andrew, Suresh, Roshan Taraka...

monastic lifestyle grew out of the lifestyle of earlier sects of wandering ascetics, some of whom the Buddha had studied under. It was initially fairly eremitic...

meditation. Some Buddhist lay people choose to observe Vassa by adopting more ascetic practices, such as giving up meat, alcohol, or smoking. In Thailand, the...

renounce all possessions and become an ascetic. According to the Jain text, Dravyasamgraha: Salutation to the Ascetic (Sādhu) abound in faith and knowledge...

ISBN 978-0-226-41037-1 – via Internet Archive. Mazlish, Bruce (2017). The Revolutionary Ascetic: Evolution of a Political Type. Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 978-1-351-47515-0...

also spelt Bairagi, is a Hindu sect who follow Vaishnavism. Celibate ascetics of Vaishnav Sampradaya are called Vairagi or Bairagi. The Bairagis were...

Two sadhus (ascetic monks) with their hair in traditional jaṭā style...

spout. Hindu ascetics or yogis often use it for storing drinking water. The water-filled kamaṇḍalu, which is invariably carried by ascetics, is stated to...

Joseph Simmons started up the Klan again in Atlanta in 1915. Simmons, an ascetic-looking man, was a fetishist on fraternal organizations. He was already...

Pratiche Editrice, Parma, 1990, p.11-12. Evagrius (22 June 2006). The Greek Ascetic Corpus. Translated by Sinkewicz., Robert E. Oxford and New York: Oxford...

Mankhaliputta) or Manthaliputra Goshalak (6th or 5th century BCE) was an ascetic ajivika teacher of ancient India. He was a contemporary of Gautama Buddha...

philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Mendicant Stylite...

scholars have proposed that Samkhya may have non-Vedic origins, developing in ascetic milieus. Proto-Samkhya ideas developed c. 8th/7th BC and onwards, as evidenced...

may refer to: Vairagya, asceticism in Indian religions Sannyasa, renunciation in Hinduism Vairagi tradition, celibate ascetics in the Vaishnava sect of...

In Bolman, Elizabeth S. (ed.). The Red Monastery Church: Beauty and Asceticism in Upper Egypt. New Haven: Yale University Press; American Research Center...

early form of the Hindu god Shiva (or Rudra), who is associated with asceticism, yoga, and linga; regarded as a lord of animals, and often depicted as...

Śabarī), also known as Bhilni, Bhilani, and Shramana, is an elderly woman ascetic in the Hindu epic Ramayana. She is described as an ardently devoted woman...

generally known as Jack Cade's Rebellion Elias the Hermit, 4th century ascetic saint and monk Eusebius the Hermit, 4th century Eastern Orthodox saint...

Arabic: شيخ عدي; born 1072/1078, died 1162) was a 12th-century mystic, ascetic and theologian who is the central saint in the Yazidi religion, considered...

Kleine C (2006). ""The Epitome of the Ascetic Life": The Controversy over Self-Mortification and Ritual Suicide as Ascetic Practices in East Asian Buddhism"...

floral offerings and symbolic gifts are given away in his honour. Hindu ascetics and wandering sanyasis observe this day by offering puja to their guru...

"approaching or nearing the ascetic tradition." In more common parlance it specifically refers to the rite and ritual of ascetic vetting (ordination) by which...

also called Evagrius the Solitary (345–399 AD), was a Christian monk and ascetic from Heraclea, a city on the coast of Bithynia in Asia Minor. One of the...

characterized by a focus on Islamic purification, spirituality, ritualism, and asceticism. Practitioners of Sufism are referred to as "Sufis" (from صُوفِيّ, ṣūfīy)...

Krishna's violent, worldly conquests with Neminatha's supreme spiritual asceticism. While secular historians generally debate his physical historicity, some...

his Moral Theology in his lifetime, in addition to other devotional and ascetic works and letters. Among his best known works are The Glories of Mary and...

about 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an ascetic. Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for twelve...

Valerio of Bierzo (or Valerius of Bierzo; c. 630–c. 695) was an ascetic hermit and monk from the Bierzo region of Visigothic Spain. A number of his writings...

Sufism, with numerous ascetic and mystic literature written and recited about him where he is often portrayed as the paragon of asceticism, divine love, and...

Ratnaprabhasuri was a Śvetāmbara Jain ascetic and the 6th successor in the lineage of the monastic heads of the Chaturvidha Sangha's (transl. four-fold...

Gujarat, Rajputana and Punjab; he organised and reformed Jain community, ascetic orders and literature. He wrote several books in Hindi and was invited...

particularly on the poor his Divine Liturgy of Saint John Chrysostom, and his ascetic sensibilities. He is honored as a saint in the Catholic and Eastern churches...

designated as a fraudulent ascetic by Akhil Bharatiya Akhara Parishad, the apex organisation of Hindu sants (saints) and sadhus (ascetics) in India. He was Born...

"exceedingly modest in his personal wants", leading "an austere, almost ascetic, style of life". Lenin despised untidiness, always keeping his work desk...

v t e Theology Fields Aesthetic Ascetical Analytic Apophatic Cataphatic Comparative Digital Eco Environmental Exo Feminist Hermeneutics Holocaust Mythical...

classical Sanskrit literature. In the episode, the gods, fearing Vishvamitra's ascetic strength, send Menaka to tempt him and disrupt the penance whose growing...

our Holy Theophoric Father, through which, by means of the philosophy of ascetic practice and contemplation, the intellect is purified, illumined, and made...

from will and desires to reduce suffering. Nietzsche characterised this ascetic attitude as a "will to nothingness". Life turns away from itself as there...

(German: Niklaus von Flüe; 1417 – 21 March 1487) was a Swiss hermit and ascetic who is the patron saint of Switzerland. He is sometimes invoked as Brother...

develop the image of Mary Magdalene living alone in the desert as a penitent ascetic. This portrayal became popular and quickly spread to Germany and England...

Baba Keenaram was an Aghori ascetic born in Chandauli, India. He is believed to be the originator of the Aghori sect of Shaivism by some sources. He was...

Sami Nasib, The Druze Faith Swayd, Dr. Samy, Druze Spirituality and Asceticism, Eial, archived from the original (an abridged rough draft; RTF) on 5...

Zoroaster emphasizes deeds and actions within society and accordingly extreme asceticism is frowned upon in Zoroastrianism but moderate forms are allowed within...

Shaivism and Vaishnavism. Ayyappan is a warrior deity and is revered for his ascetic devotion to Dharma, the ethical and right way of living. He is usually...

the corruption of the passions is conducted through ascetic effort to purify the soul (asceticism from Greek: askesis "exercise"). At the advanced stages...

A Jain ascetic walking along a riverbank, c .1600....

persecution and martyrdom, the entanglement of doctrine with imperial power, ascetic attitudes toward the body, and the construction of a distinct Christian...

Abu Muhammad Ruwaym bin Ahmad was an early Muslim jurist, ascetic, saint and reciter of the Qur'an. He was one of the second generation of practitioners...

(Mādhavendra Purī in IAST) (c. 1420–1490) was a 15th-century Vaishnava ascetic who was an early figure in the rediscovery of Braj. According to both Gauḍīya...

Bhairavi Brahmani (fl. 1861–1873) was a Bengali Hindu ascetic, guru and Yogeshwari. She instructed the Hindu mystic Ramakrishna and initiated him into...

interest in science was the result of a significant synergy between the ascetic Protestant values and those of modern science. Protestant values encouraged...

doesn't know the difference in the body and appearance of the two. The boy's ascetic power becomes so great that it disturbs the god Sakka, the lord of heaven...

lit. 'monk's rebellion') was a revolt by sannyasis, sadhus, and fakirs (ascetics) against the rule of the British East India Company (EIC) in Bengal and...

Insults the Owls, The Ascetic Cat and His Prey, The Crow Spy, The Ascetic, The Thief and the Demon, The Cuckolded Carpenter, The Ascetic and the Adopted Mouse...

romanized: Simʿān al-ʿAmūdī c. 390 – 2 September 459) was a Syrian Christian ascetic who achieved notability by living 36 years on top of a pillar near Aleppo...

has religious significance attached to asceticism for the Hindus. The Bhagavata Purana enjoins that a true ascetic should not wear anything other than a...

Acharya Tulsi (20 October 1914 – 23 June 1997) was a prominent Jain religious leader. He was the founder of the Anuvrata movement and the Jain Vishva Bharti...

(c. 563–c. 483 BCE) from his palace at Kapilavastu to live a life as an ascetic (Sanskrit: śrāmaṇa, Pali: sāmaṇa). It is called the Great Renunciation...

primarily understood as a cosmic event meant to lure Shiva out of his ascetic withdrawal and into the realm of marriage and household life. As Shiva's...

to share and affirm significant tenets of Indian philosophy, such as asceticism, denial of the self, and the notion of the world-as-appearance. His work...

clothing as worldly. Although overwhelmingly male, there have been female ascetics such as Akka Mahadevi who also renounced clothing. Although naked, Mahadevi...

a Marxist. He explained: "We might see communism as a springboard and asceticism that prepares the ground for more spiritual activities." Camus left the...

Lakulisa as an ascetic manifestation of Shiva is seen in later peninsular Indian scriptures whose ithyphallic aspects connotes asceticism and conserved...

focused on Augustine, John Chrysostom, Origen, social networks, early ascetic practices, and women in the early church. Clark retired from Duke in 2014...

Shesh embark on a desperate rescue mission. En route, they encounter the ascetic Shabari, who directs them toward Mount Rishyamukha. There, they forge a...

dangerous, spirits of the mountains and forests. Tengu are associated with the ascetic practice of Shugendō, and they are usually depicted in the garb of its...

Jewish mystical, ascetic movement in the German Rhineland during the 12th and 13th centuries. The movement is known for its strict asceticism and mystical...

Sinhala: ධුතාඞ්ග) or dhūtaguṇa (Sanskrit) is a group of austerities or ascetic practices taught in Buddhism. The Theravada tradition teaches a set of...

They are a subgroup of the Siddha tradition, and related to heterodox ascetic Shaivite traditions especially the Kapalika and the Kaula, but also the...

of India in specific religious orders that combine elements of Hindu asceticism with Christianity. The Sanskrit noun āśrama- is a thematic nominal derivative...

Mokujiki (木食, 'eating of trees/wood') is a Japanese ascetic practice involving abstinence from cereals and cooked foods, replaced by consuming foods gathered...

taught a unique form called dynamic meditation. Rejecting traditional ascetic practices, he encouraged his followers to embrace life fully while remaining...

Imam or Bari Sarkar (1617 – 1705), was a 17th-century Punjabi Muslim Sufi ascetic. He is venerated as the patron saint of Islamabad, Pakistan. Born in Karsal...

"skull-men" or "skull-bearers". The Kāpālikas were an extinct sect of Shaivite ascetics devoted to the Hindu god Shiva dating back to the 4th century CE, which...

caffeine and recreational drugs. Durov has stated that he maintains an ascetic lifestyle that promotes freedom from personal possessions. At least once...

were authorized to install statues of deities in temples and to initiate ascetics. In Swaminarayan's soteriology the ultimate goal of life is to become Brahmarūpa...

behavior such as giving up all one's worldly possessions upon joining an ascetic order or religious life, or deliberately flouting society's conventions...

(Hindi: साईं sāĩ, "Swami", and बाबा bābā, "Baba") is an honorific term for ascetics in India. It may refer to: Sai Baba of Shirdi (c. 1838–1918), Indian guru...

writes that Muslim stories passed down after his death stress Umar's "asceticism, his care for the poor and public money. Tradition claims that he had...

pursuits. Brahmins, states Olivelle, were the social class from which most ascetics came. The term Brahmin in Indian texts has also signified someone who is...

is one of the five great Tamil epics. Authored by a Madurai-based Jain ascetic Tiruttakkatēvar in the early 10th century, the epic is a story of a prince...

or Gen-practice"') is a syncretic Esoteric Buddhist religion, a body of ascetic practices that originated in the Nara Period of Japan having evolved during...

Bhagwanji, also known as Gumnami Baba (lit. 'Baba with no name'), was an ascetic who lived approximately the last thirty years of his life in various parts...

of the passions. He regarded this path as a Middle Way between extreme asceticism and sensory indulgence, and also between the extremes of eternalism and...

Kalapurnasuri (1924–2002) was a Jain ascetic, philosopher and author of the Śvetāmbara sect. He was given the title of Adhyatmayogi based on his advanced...

Helier (died 555) was a 6th-century ascetic hermit. He is the patron saint of Jersey in the Channel Islands, and in particular of the town and parish...

सिंह थापा) also spelled Ranbir, Ranavir or Ranvir also known by the late ascetic name Swami Abhayananda (Nepali: स्वामी अभयानन्द) was a Nepalese army general...

that he lived between c. 7th to 6th century BCE, founding a proto-Jaina ascetic community which subsequently got revived and reformed by Mahāvīra (5th...

Younger (c. 383 – 31 December 439) is a Christian saint, Desert Mother, and ascetic who lived during the reign of Emperor Honorius, son of Theodosius I. She...

namely the arihant, the siddhas, the acharyas, the upadhyaya and all the ascetics. A short inscription (dated 200 BCE to 100 BCE) found in Pale Caves in...

as Will and Representation, Tolstoy gradually became converted to the ascetic morality upheld in that work as the proper spiritual path for the upper...

Daulatsagarsuri (1920 – 17 February 2024) was a Jain ascetic, philosopher, and a revered saint belonging to the Śvetāmbara sect. He was the head of the...

The Keśin were ascetic wanderers with mystical powers described in the Keśin Hymn (RV 10, 136) of the Rigveda (an ancient Indian sacred collection of...

accepted since numerous early Mahāyāna works promote monasticism and asceticism. The Mahāsāṃghika origin theory, which argues that Mahāyāna developed...

earthly pleasures like drinking—behaviour that was a stark contrast to the ascetic life of the medieval religious orders. Images from this period include...

force the legs into position can injure the knees. Shiva, the meditating ascetic God of Hinduism; Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism; and the Tirthankaras...

(Sanskrit: अनसूया, romanized: Anasūyā, lit. 'free from envy and malice') is an ascetic, and the wife of Sage Atri in Hinduism. She is the daughter of Devahuti...

monk, but as his biography and other sources make clear, there were many ascetics before him. Anthony was, however, among the first known to go into the...

East, and theologian best remembered for his written works on Christian asceticism. He is regarded as a saint in the Church of the East, Roman Catholic,...

retained many of the attitudes and practices of a Roman governor, and also an ascetic who served the poor. Ambrose was born into a Roman Christian family, of...

with the sacrifice of his companions. His life transforms into that of an ascetic. Odysseus meets Motherth (an incarnation of the Buddha), Kapetán Énas (English:...

Κεφαλληνίᾳ. 16 Αυγούστου. ΜΕΓΑΣ ΣΥΝΑΞΑΡΙΣΤΗΣ. Venerable Gerasimus the New Ascetic of Cephalonia. OCA - Lives of the Saints. Monastiriaka website Kefalonia...

focused on inner transformation, mystical experience, monasticism, and asceticism. Quanzhen flourished during the 13th and 14th centuries and during the...

Classical Syriac: ܐܣܛܘܢܝܐ (astˁonāyā) or pillar-saint is a type of Christian ascetic who lives on pillars, preaching, fasting and praying. Stylites believe...

Добри, romanized: Dyado Dobri) or The Saint of Bailovo, was a Bulgarian ascetic who walked over 20 kilometres (12 mi) each day to sit or stand in front...

Bulgaria, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Ukraine and Russia, who vow to live an ascetic life at Athos, isolated from the rest of the world.[citation needed] The...

ascetic and scholar. While on pilgrimage to the Holy Land and Egypt, with Jerome and her daughter, Eustochium, she visited monks and other ascetics including...

sharply with the ascetic posture. Later he would associate "Luther, the symbolic exponent of bureaucratic despotism, with the ascetic hostility to Eros...

protects the heroine. Aravana Adikal - The Buddhist ascetic teacher (Adikal means "revered/venerable ascetic, saint") Canto I The annual festival in the honor...

April 1781 – 1 June 1830), also known as Sahajanand Swami, was a yogi and ascetic believed by followers to be a manifestation of Krishna or the highest manifestation...

the Islamic era. Al-Maqdisi records meeting a community of forty Muslim ascetics in the Golan led by a Thawri scholar named Ishaq al-Balluti (اسحاق البلوطى)...

(Ancient Greek: Συγκλητική, romanized: Synkletikḗ) was a Christian saint, ascetic, anchorite, and Desert Mother from Roman Egypt in the 4th century AD. She...

those with severe illness, and to all other ill people. She was devout, ascetic, and of abundant virtue. When Imam al-Shafi'i arrived in Egypt, she did...

is also worshiped and other incarnations. Ramanandi ascetics rely upon meditation and strict ascetic practices, but also believe that the grace of god is...

Fathers. The Desert Mothers were known as the ammas or female Christian ascetics living in the desert of Egypt, Palestine, and Syria in the 4th and 5th...

and soldiers. In Jainism, both ascetics and householders (śrāvaka) have to follow five major vows (vratas). Ascetics observe these fives vows more strictly...

defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. The Cyrenaics and Epicureans...

Sati and Parvati, successively play the role of bringing Shiva away from ascetic isolation into creative participation with the world. Sati's story plays...

Ghats. The height of Sabarimala from mean sea level is 1,260 meters. An ascetic woman named Shabari, also known as Sabari from Ramayana, was believed to...

survival of our future generations. The Sun Dance includes pronounced ascetic practices that carry deep spiritual meaning in Plains Indigenous cultures...

Athos; 10 March 1926 – 12 January 1990) was an Eastern Orthodox monk, ascetic, and Macedonian Orthodox bishop. In 2017, he was canonized as a saint by...

adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates' teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the...

Shurpanakha's nose. Rama strikes down Khara with an arrow Ravana visits Sita as an ascetic. Jatayu killed by Ravana, painting by Raja Ravi Varma. Lakshmana consoled...

versions, and his gopis and his clan of Yadavas die in a fire created by an ascetic named Dvaipayana. Similarly, after dying from the hunter Jara's arrow,...

of obedience but also of loving meditation and Torah study; Poverty, an ascetic value, based on the apocalyptic expectation of God's impending arrival...

the Khalsa was founded by Guru Gobind Singh, the last guru. A former ascetic was charged by Gobind Singh with the duty of punishing those who had persecuted...

Waghäusel, 10 September 1712) was a German Capuchin theologian, preacher, and ascetic writer. He came from a Catholic family, and while still young entered the...

monism; Neoplatonism in particular accommodated the miraculous and the ascetic within a traditional Graeco-Roman cultic framework. Christians saw these...

Ramakrishna into various schools of Hinduism. In the year 1861, a female ascetic named Bhairavi Brahmani, initiated Ramakrishna into Tantra. Afterwards...

Saint Abramios the Recluse (290–360) was an early Christian hermit and ascetic from Edessa. He is the same as Abraham of Kidunaja. Abramios was born in...

at Paris, 4 January 1692) was a French Jesuit theologian, known as an ascetical writer. He entered the Society of Jesus in 1638, and became professor...

Kalyansagarsuri (c. 1577 – 1661 CE) was a 16th century Jain ascetic, reformer, philosopher, and researcher belonging to the Achal Gaccha of the Śvetāmbara...

Samrāt Ācārya Nemisuri Mahārāja Sāheb was a 20th century CE Śvetāmbara Jain ascetic, philosopher, researcher, reformer, and the head of the Tapa Gaccha. He...

Classical Greece, and one of the founders of Cynicism. Renowned for his ascetic lifestyle and radical critiques of social conventions, he became a legendary...

and repentance. The day's main observances consist of full fasting and asceticism, both accompanied by extended prayer services (usually at synagogue) and...

movement are the modern Maronites. Maron, revered as a highly spiritual ascetic monk with a connection to God through his communion with the natural environment...

individuals seeking spiritual fulfillment through asceticism and withdrawal from society. Similar monastic and ascetic traditions also exist in other religious...

The Encratites ("self-controlled") were an ascetic 2nd-century sect of Christians who forbade marriage and counselled abstinence from meat. Eusebius says...

goddesses Mahakali, Mahalakshmi, and Mahasaraswati. She is worshipped as an ascetic, vegetarian, and virgin goddess who is associated with Vishnu. Believed...

much of his time praying in a cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism, praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his...

Isidore of Scété (died c. 390) Egyptian priest and desert ascetic Isidore of Pelusium, ascetic and scholar, relative of Theophilus of Alexandria and Cyril...

śrāmaṇera, which indicates an ascetic practitioner. Therefore, sāmaṇera might be said to mean "small or young renunciate (ascetic)". In some South and Southeast...

Jesus (c. 6 to 4 BC – AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and by various other names and titles, was a 1st-century Jewish...

(Greek: Ὅσιος Νικόδημος ὁ Ἁγιορείτης; 1749 – July 14, 1809) was a Greek ascetic monk, mystic, theologian, and philosopher, venerated as a saint in the...

in cuchi-cachi (sexual activity)." According to some, Morales lives an ascetic life, with little interest in material possessions. Morales is an association...

The Acts of Narsai is a hagiographical text and work of Christian Syriac literature composed in the middle of the 5th century which pertains to the priest...

The founder of modern Janakpur is considered to be the 17th century's ascetic Hindu saint Sannyasi Shurkishordas. Janakpur is located about 225 km (140 mi)...

holds profound significance as the site where Gautama Buddha practiced asceticism prior to attaining enlightenment. The Phalgu is formed by the confluence...

sometimes abbreviated sw.) in Hinduism is an honorific title given to an ascetic who has chosen the path of renunciation (sanyāsa). It is used either before...

Preußen; Latin: Dominicus Prutenus; 1382–1461) was a Carthusian monk and ascetical writer. He is credited with a popular early form of the Rosary which focused...

Sri Chandra or Bhagwan Sri Chandra, was the founder of the Udasi sect of ascetic Sadhus. Sri Chand was the son of Guru Nanak, founder of the Sikh religion...

He holds that the best response to the human condition is a form of asceticism by denying the expression of the will. This is only found in rare humans...

stated above, there is very little except to confirm that a Muslim woman ascetic and teacher named Rabi‘a al-‘Adawiyya or Rabi‘a al-Qaysiyya (the name ‘Adawiyya...

memorialising sacred texts and prayers, fasting, and undertaking acts of severe asceticism, through which they are believed to cultivate supernatural powers. In...

Martyrius. After the death of Martyrius, John, wishing to practice greater asceticism, withdrew to a hermitage at the foot of the mountain. In this isolation...

Hindu, today it is primarily worn among Brahmins, temple priests, and ascetics. Śikhā literally means "crest" or "tuft" in Sanskrit. The hairstyle is...

family. It seems likely that he was raised in an atmosphere of Stoic asceticism, which he rejected entirely upon his accession to sole rule. After repeated...

however, evidence also suggests that Ramananda was influenced by Nathpanthi ascetics of the Yoga school of Hindu philosophy. An early social reformer, Ramananda...

Endurance art is a kind of performance art involving some form of hardship, such as pain, solitude or exhaustion. Performances that focus on the passage...

poverty imposed by his father on all his associates. He had no taste for asceticism and considered that his father's lifestyle was nothing more than a personal...

forests, lived a humble simple life, provided protection and relief to ascetics in the forest being harassed and persecuted by demons, as they stayed at...

Shravanabelagola, in 298 BCE after he became a Jain monk and assumed an ascetic life style. Gommateshwara statue, Akkana Basadi, Chandragupta basadi, Chamundaraya...

handsome boy on the island. As soon as he was born, the child matured into an ascetic form, exuding spiritual radiance. He reassured his mother that she need...

refers to a state of stillness and peace that is obtained through extreme ascetical struggle, prayer, and the constant contemplation of God. The attainment...

and an ascetic order similar to the shramana movement. Buddhism was historically founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a Kshatriya prince-turned-ascetic, and was...

leaders whose wisdom stems from God as obtained from ascetic experience. It is believed that through ascetic struggle, prayer and hesychasm, the Holy Spirit...

the essential duties prescribed for both the Śrāvaka (householders) and ascetics. It is commonly interpreted as a practice of "brief periods in meditation...

Taoism, afford examples of hermits in the form of adherents living an ascetic way of life. In modern colloquial usage, "hermit" denotes anyone living...

the ideal of pativrata (devoted wife) in Hindu tradition, her intense asceticism believed to have granted her great spiritual power. Though initially a...

philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Mendicant Stylite...

and a major figure in the eleventh-century "Renaissance of eremitical asceticism". Romuald spent about 30 years traversing Italy, founding and reforming...

According to tradition, Siddhartha had recently forsaken years of extreme ascetic practices and resolved to sit under a Ficus religiosa, now known as the...

of 1865 by Constantinou Dimitrios shows above the last two columns of the main group, a small stone structure in which had lived an ascetic or Stylite...

Acharya status in 1972. Acharya Vidyasagar made very strict rules for his ascetic life. He never drank milk. He also did not consume curd, green vegetables...

the Lord Brahma. And Agastya of great energy, and Markandeya, of great ascetic power, and Jamadagni and Bharadvaja, and Samvarta, and Chyavana, and exalted...

Guevara's "socialist new man": a citizen committed to self-sacrifice and asceticism, was still revered in Cuba after Guevara's departure. The definition of...

Indian religious traditions. These include: Gossains, a group of Hindu ascetics A title given to members of the Dashanami Sampradaya established by Shankaracharya...

elephant, accompanied by ten million followers who also became ascetics. He practised asceticism for six months. After six months, he began to practise alone...

philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Mendicant Stylite...

Kumārajīva, and preserved in that language, he was originally a wandering ascetic who was able to defeat all-comers in debate. He set a challenge to the...

the Hermit (/əˈmoʊniəs/; Greek: Ἀμμώνιος) was a 4th-century Christian ascetic and the founder of one of the most celebrated monastic communities in Egypt...

Gopalakrishnan, ascetic virtues in the Kural does not mean renunciation of household life or pursuing of the conventional ascetic life, but only refers...

of asceticism and bodily denial (as practiced by the Jains and other Indian ascetic groups) and sensual hedonism or indulgence. Many Śramaṇa ascetics of...

knowledge, an impulse, a dream or even a paranormal experience felt by an ascetic Socrates. Socrates's theory of virtue states that all virtues are essentially...

"Kṣāntivādin" or "Kṣāntivāda" describes the protagonist of the story: an ascetic who excelled at tolerance in face of the brutal atrocities inflicted upon...

or Bamjan), previously known as Palden Dorje (his monastic name) is an ascetic from Ratanapuri, Bara district, Nepal who gained widespread attention and...

writes that at this time "eminent monks, who practiced meditation and asceticism but without proper dharma transmission, were acclaimed as acquiring 'wisdom...

Gautama Buddha meets the ascetic Uddaka Rāmaputta (left) in one of the bas-reliefs recounting the stages leading up to awakening, Lalitavistara, Borobudur...

major rift grew between Henry and Becket as the latter became increasingly ascetic and unexpectedly resisted the king's attempt to reassert royal prerogatives...

secretary at the First Council of Nicaea. Already a recognized theologian and ascetic, he was the obvious choice to replace his ageing mentor Alexander as the...

devotees of Shiva. He would especially gift Kowpeenam (loin-cloth) to Shaiva ascetics. Once, the merchant visited the Kalyanasundaresar Temple of Nallur (Tirunallur)...

monk and ascetic. A native of Samosata, and was educated there by a man named Baripsaba. He learned the Syriac language. Rabulas became an ascetic in the...

are typically sequential, any person can enter Sannyasa (ascetic) stage and become an Ascetic at any time after the Brahmacharya stage. Sannyasa is not...

teachings and adhered to austere ascetic practices (dhutanga) with exemplary discipline. Highly respected as an outstanding ascetic monk, he laid down the path...

jealous king repeatedly asked an ascetic what the ascetic taught, to which the ascetic replied, "Patience," which the ascetic further defined as "not to get...

satyagraha against the Nazi regime. Hitchens argued that Gandhi's religious and ascetic worldview was fundamentally incompatible with secular and democratic politics...

Keizan 1993 TC Keizan Zenji (1268–1325), a Japanese priest who practiced asceticism at the Eiheiji Temple in Fukui prefecture. He contributed to the spread...

was a German Jesuit preacher, writer on theological, controversial and ascetical subjects, and author of many Latin dramas on sacred themes. He was born...

the Tibetan Buddhist cham dance tradition. The Citipati were a couple of ascetics meditating near a graveyard. In their deep state of meditation, they did...

century AD, Philo of Alexandria (c. 25 BC – c. 50 AD) describes a Jewish ascetic community of men and women on the shores of Lake Mareotis in the vicinity...

Sañjīvini Samskrita Mahāpāthashālā. The Pītham is traditionally headed by an ascetic pontiff belonging to the order of the Jagadguru Śankarāchārya. According...

often equated with Vishvakarma. Renowned for her beauty, virtue, and ascetic powers, Sanjna married Vivasvant (Surya); however, she could not endure...

established a monastic tradition focused on the importance of monotheism and asceticism near the Mediterranean mountain range known as Mount Lebanon. The monks...

intoxicating'), also known as Drishadvati, is a princess and a female ascetic, whose story appears in the Hindu epic Mahabharata. She was the daughter...

(1252–1334). Sheikh Safi and his immediate successors were renowned as holy ascetics Sufis. Their own origins were obscure; probably of Kurdish or Iranian extraction...

early Muslim ascetics and reaching to companions of Muhammad mainly Abu Bakr and Ali ibn Abi Talib. While Sufi practice originated in the ascetic circles in...

Balcerowicz, Piotr (2016). "Determinism, Ājīvikas, and Jainism". Early Asceticism in India: Ājīvikism and Jainism. Routledge Advances in Jaina Studies (1st ed...

and His essence necessitates His existence. Later, the Eastern Orthodox ascetic and archbishop of Thessaloniki, (Saint) Gregory Palamas argued in defense...

a simple and natural way of life. By the 19th century, emphasis on the ascetic ideals and the critique of current civilization based on how it might fall...

1611 – 6 December 1686) was an Italian Jesuit cleric, playwright and ascetical writer. Avancini was born in the Tyrol. He entered the Society of Jesus...

in Sudassana. According to the canon, at 9,000 years old he became an ascetic, practiced austerities for fifteen days, and attained Enlightenment. He...

peoples from the Eurasian Steppe as more pious than the Muslim scholars, ascetics, and muftis of their time, and hence expressed favor of their conquests...

There may be no good answer to the question of whether the life of an ascetic monk contains more or less good than the life of a happy libertine—but...

and after his worldly life Hanuman later renounces and becomes a Jain ascetic. Hanuman's relation to Sugriva and Vali is also treated differently in...

contemplative life, exemplifying the active life by the Essenes, another severely ascetic sect, and the contemplative life by the desert-dwelling Therapeutae. According...

provide a spiritual father to support and strengthen the individual's ascetic effort and the spiritual growth that is required for the fulfillment of...

stemmed from his close patron relationships with several prominent female ascetics who were members of affluent senatorial families. Jerome is recognized...

Yogi Naraharinath (born: Balbir Singh Hriksen Thapa, 1915–2003 CE) was a Nepali historian, writer and follower of the Nath tradition of Gorakhnath. Balbir...

with him to return home, promising that the family would not disturb his ascetic life. Ramana Maharshi sat motionless, and eventually his uncle gave up...

free dictionary. A monk is a person who practices a strict religious and ascetic lifestyle. Monk may also refer to: Monk (nickname) Monk (surname) Monk...

peaceful Melchiorites may offer additional clues. Menno Simons rejected asceticism in terms of its traditional practices of social withdrawal, mortification...

or Vachanacharya Devardhigani Kshamashramana or Devavachaka was a Jain ascetic of the Śvetāmbara sect and an author of several Prakrit texts. He was a...

Way, refers to a spiritual practice that steers clear of both extreme asceticism and sensual indulgence. This spiritual path is defined as the Noble Eightfold...

kindness, as well as for his extremely ascetic life. He was also known to love seclusion and quietness. Bishoy's asceticism was harsh to the extent of tying...

mid-day Clark 2006, pp. 224–225. Karigoudar Ishwaran, Ascetic Culture Wendy Sinclair-Brull, Female Ascetics Doniger 1999, p. 1017. Popular Prakashan 2000, p...

Bal Bramhachari ( English: Forever Ascetic) is a 1996 Indian action Romantic drama film directed by Prakash Mehra. The film marks the film debut of Puru...

sects adopted convoluted monastic-like codes, and promoted celibacy and asceticism. Old Believer services are long and involve meticulous preparation, and...

The kaihōgyō (回峰行, circling the mountain) is an ascetic practice performed by Tendai Buddhist monks. The practice involves repeatedly walking a route...

Tumburu". Davidson adds that Buddhists and Kapalikas as well as other ascetics (possibly Pasupatas) mingled and discussed their paths at various pilgrimage...

their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic. Probably as early as 1209, Francis gave them a first rule, a collection...

CE) was a Muslim scholar, jurist, muhaddith, traditionist, theologian, ascetic, and eponym of the Shafi'i school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence. He is...

There are two classes of Bauls: ascetic Bauls who reject family life and Bauls who live with their families. Ascetic Bauls renounce family life and society...

silence for protracted periods, or even for the rest of their lives, as an ascetic means of spiritual transformation. In the philosophy of perception and...

he established a monastery and became known for his righteous life of asceticism and prayer. He is reputed to have attended to the Fourth Ecumenical Council...

Poliak's book on the Khazars in Hebrew). Similarity with the Geto-Dacian ascetics called the ktistai described by Strabo was noted by Traian Herseni (d....

Teetotalism is the practice of voluntarily abstaining from the consumption of alcohol. A person who practices (and possibly advocates) teetotalism is known...

monks in medieval Europe restricted or banned the consumption of meat for ascetic reasons, but none of them abstained from the consumption of fish; these...

work, etc. Some of the new themes represented were St. Jerome and other ascetics, stripped of everything material by virtue of their renunciation of earthly...

Origen explains that there are two ladders in the life of a Christian: the ascetic ladder that the soul climbs on Earth, by way of—and resulting in—an increase...

to Fatimah such as Zahra (luminous; radiant), Batul (cut off: ascetic), Zahida (ascetic), Norea (girl of light), Aludra (the chaste), Adara (chaste),...

better known by his sobriquet Somunju Baba (Turkish: Somuncu Baba), was an ascetic teacher of Islam in Bursa, Turkey, who exerted extensive influence and...

and was solidified by the 5th century CE, primarily over differences in ascetic practices (nudity) and scriptural authority. From the 12th century onwards...

leading authority on the foundation of doctrine, meticulous, a devoted ascetic and one of the notable defenders of the Ash'ari school. Al-Dhahabi said:...

to Greece in December 1963 before beginning his journey as a wandering ascetic in India, Nepal and Sri Lanka. He writes that he received numerous initiations...

becoming a school teacher. Obsessed with religion, he sought admission to the ascetic Feuillants order, but after a short probation, he was dismissed for being...

of these cravings, but they were unable to do so. Janasena, an Ājīvika ascetic known to the empress's family, was able to interpret the meaning of her...

Religion portal Asita or Kaladevala or Kanhasiri was a hermit ascetic, a sage and seer, depicted in Buddhist sources as having lived in ancient India...

represented both wish fulfillment and resentment at scarcity and Christian asceticism. Cockaigne was a "medieval peasant’s dream, offering relief from backbreaking...

ورقة بن نوفل بن أسد بن عبد العزّى بن قصي القرشي) was a Christian Arabian ascetic who was the paternal first cousin of Khadija bint Khuwaylid, the first...

December 1676 – 26 November 1751) was an Italian Franciscan preacher and ascetic writer. Leonard was born 19 December 1676, the son of Domenico Casanova...

Gangadwar or Haridwar, where through extensive tapas, he attained great ascetic powers. The four Kumaras are the eldest sons of the creator-god Brahma...

of complete non-possession of any property, relations and emotions. The ascetic is a wandering mendicant in the Digambara tradition, or a resident mendicant...

ownership and distribution of property in ascetic-run institutions. The early twentieth century witnessed ascetic orders seeking to 'purify' their genealogies...

eleven times. Ravana was well known for his abilities in meditation and ascetic practices. He was the king of Rakshasa, a kingdom of civilized and vegetarian...

"شهادت دو رزمنده جوان زاهدانی در سوریه+ عکس" [Martyrdom of two young ascetic fighters in Syria + photo]. مشرق نیوز (in Persian). 15 April 2016. Retrieved...

Purana Kassapa (IAST: Pūrṇa Kāśyapa; Pali: Pūraṇa Kassapa) was an Indian ascetic teacher who lived around the 6th century BCE, contemporaneous with Mahavira...

to Parliament in 1504 and marrying the following year. More continued ascetic practices for the rest of his life, such as wearing a hair shirt next to...

Gautama Buddha undertaking extreme ascetic practices before his enlightenment under the Bodhi tree, on the bank of river Phalgu in Bodh Gaya, Bihar...

Moral Treatises, New York: Cosimo, 2007, p. 404. Gregory of Nysssa, Ascetical Works (The Fathers of the Church, volume 58), Washington: The Catholic...

10.18.1–10 Baudhāyana also makes repeated references to the Sannyasa (ascetic) stage and its behavioral focus, such as in verses II.13.7 and 11.18.13...

on a mountain called Ioannou (or Ioannitza) and for 7 years lived as an ascetic. The Life records with symmetry that during this time Luke received the...

the shrine of Hussain Tekri. Jains visit Jaora as a place that the Jain ascetic Rajendrasuri practiced tapasya. As of the 2011 India census, Jaora tehsil...

new and better energy. This practice often times leads to asceticism. Apatheia and asceticism are often times connected to each other. It is believed that...

المحاسبي) (781–857 CE) was a Muslim Arab, theologian, philosopher and ascetic. He is considered to be the founder of the Baghdad School of Islamic philosophy...

Japanese pronunciation: [kɯː.ja], 903–972) was an itinerant Japanese hijiri (ascetic, 聖), later ordained in the Tendai sect, who was an early proselytizer of...

scholars, such as P. R. Deshmukh, suggest that the roots of ahimsa and asceticism may date to the Indus Valley Civilisation (c. 3300–1300 BCE), citing the...

contracted tuberculosis; it was advised by physicians that she perform ascetic penances to cure herself. To make sure that Girvan succeeded to the throne...

such as Shiva, Rama, Sita, and Hanuman. He was fascinated by wandering ascetics and monks. Narendra was mischievous and restless as a child, and his parents...

Christian monasticism is a religious way of life of Christians who live ascetic and typically cloistered lives that are dedicated to Christian worship...

pə-LAY-jee-əs; fl. c. 354–418) was a Christian theologian known as an ascetic monk and promoting a system of doctrines (termed Pelagianism by the Catholic...

spotted a handsome young ascetic and was instantly smitten. An enticing smell seemed to emanate from his body. The ascetic, too, appeared to be overwhelmed...

Grihastha (married householder, 2nd stage) and Sannyasa (renunciation ascetic, 4th stage). Vānaprastha is part of the Vedic ashrama system, which starts...

referred to as al-Hasan al-Basri, was an early Medieval Muslim preacher, ascetic, theologian, exegete, scholar, and judge. Born in Medina in 642 CE, Hasan...

tenure is easing tension between the town and the Guilty Remnant (GR) an ascetic religious group that aims to provoke people into remembering the losses...

but also written as 仙衆 and 非事吏) were semi-independent wandering Buddhist ascetics (also called shōnin, "holy ones") who lived away from the major Buddhist...

skin, reserved for the most revered ascetics. Shiva's pale skin may be read as ash-covered in his role as an ascetic. The Vishnu half will wear a tall crown...

wealthy nobleman of Roman Hispania who promoted a strict form of Christian asceticism. He became bishop of Ávila in 380. Certain practices of his followers...

and studied passages from the New Testament focusing on Christology, asceticism, and eschatology. Applewhite also read science fiction, including works...

In December 2021, a dharma sansad (religious assembly) of Hindu ascetics was held at Haridwar in Uttarakhand, India, where hate speeches were delivered...

Matthew Talbot, TOSF (2 May 1856 – 7 June 1925) was an Irish ascetic revered by many Catholics for his piety, charity and mortification of the flesh....

redeeming gods, Dionysus in particular, and calls them to turn to the gods by ascetic piety and self-purification: the purer their lives, the higher their next...

Jesuit priest, companion of Ignatius of Loyola, and a Spanish Golden Age ascetic writer. Pedro was born at Toledo, Spain. His father, Alvaro Ortiz de Cisneros...

comfortably fed and housed by the standards of the time, and few orders demanded ascetic piety or religious observance. Only a minority of houses could now support...

prominent religious figure in Damascus, Syria. He was one of the 'Eight Ascetics,' who also included Amir ibn Abd al-Qays, Uways al-Qarani, Al-Rabi ibn...

Long ago, there was a terrible famine. The ascetic and his family had nothing to eat. To find food, the ascetic would do what people on unccha vow do - go...

of Xeropotamou (Ancient Greek: Παῦλος ὁ Ξηροποταμινός) was a Byzantine ascetic, lived between the 9th and the 10th century on Mount Athos, where he also...

Marcus i. 1, xxvii. 7; Dio lxxi. 1.1; James Francis, Subversive Virtue: Asceticism and Authority in the Second-Century Pagan World (University Park: Pennsylvania...

referring to a spiritual preceptor, a role typically served by a Jain ascetic. In Sikhism, the guru tradition has played a key role since its founding...

relatives. Some scholars think that John belonged to the Essenes, a semi-ascetic Jewish sect who expected a messiah and practised ritual baptism. John used...

clothes, rejected worldly pleasures, vowed to God that she would lead an ascetic life until she passed away". Hind bint al-Nuʿmān even built a monastery...

forcibly 1944-1948 260,000 Chechens displaced up to 2009 The Christian ascetic Anthony of Thebes (III–IV centuries) lived in the desert, eating herbs...

other major ascetic groups) in an astrological context, stating that a person born under a certain planetary influence becomes an Ajivika ascetic. According...

of Russian literature see in Chernyshevsky's character Rakhmetov, an "ascetic revolutionist", the template for Rand's literary heroes and heroines. Rand's...

Olivelle, Patrick (2006). The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 47. ISBN 978-0-19-536137-7...

various owners, most of whom treat him callously. Noted for Bresson's ascetic directorial style and regarded as a work of profound emotional effect,...

Dattatreya. He has been cited as a respected figure among sections of India’s ascetic and yogis communities. Shri Gagangiri Maharaj was born as Shripad Patankar...

Jeeyar Swami, is a Thenkalai Sri Vaishnava Indian religious guru and yogi ascetic known for his spiritual discourses and the propagation of Ramanuja Vishishtadvaita...

also the inventor of church bells Romuald (c. 950–1025–1027), Christian ascetic who founded the Camaldolese Benedictines (Hermits) Pope Sergius I (?–701)...

Mahavira, mentions that Neminatha ascended Mount Raivataka to become an ascetic in the 22nd chapter. Acharya Dharasena, who was a resident of Girnar, practiced...

Aras River, and Taron (modern Turkey). June 26 – En no Ozunu, Japanese ascetic, is banished to Izu Ōshima (a volcanic island in the Izu Islands), and...

chicken) made with chicken meat and Sanyasi pongal ("Sanyasi" meaning ascetic or monk) made with vegetables. Verma, Priyanka (2014). Pongal: Festival...

translation. These works show a mixture of poetry, narrative, apologetic, ascetic, philosophical, and biblical interests. The Syriac Bible played an unusually...

types of ascetic clothing "as if this gave him righteousness" and condemning others women wearing men's clothing under the pretense of asceticism women leaving...

Hermit, 3rd-century ascetic Zosimus, bishop of Naples (c. 356 – c. 362) Zosimas of Palestine (c. 460 – c. 560), Palestinian monk and ascetic Pope Zosimus (died...

Roman Emperor. Before her marriage and during her widowhood, she led an ascetic and monastic life, translating the Bible from Latin to German and defended...

nudum Christum sequere") is an early Franciscan and ancient Christian ascetic motto translated from Latin as "Naked followers of the naked Christ" which...

Ajñāna (Sanskrit: अज्ञान, (Vedic) IPA: /ɐd͡ʑ.ɲɑː.nɐ/; (Classical) IPA: /ɐd͡ʑˈɲɑː.n̪ɐ/) is an ancient nāstika, or 'heterodox,' Indian school of agnosticism...

ruler's envoy Rajadeva, agreed to levy contributions for the sustenance of ascetics in a Jain temple of Mahavira. A tax of two rupees per twenty loads of bullocks...

Buddhist traditions. It is, however, found extensively in Shugendō, the ascetic mountain tradition of Japan, and in Ryōbu Shintō, which combined Shingon...

spiritual practice requires a longing for truth, but warns of becoming 'false ascetic' who go through the mechanics of spiritual practice without meditating...

fiancée. They learn that the secret art is taught by the Ascetic Monk, who lives in the Ascetic Court, which is accessible from the village but Tokimune...

society either ignores or denies their existence or insists they must be ascetic for religious reasons, neurotic, or asexual for political reasons. In a...

Syriac: ܕܕܝܫܘܥ ܩܛܪܝܐ; late 7th century) was a Nestorian monk and author of ascetic literature in Syriac. His works were widely read, from Ethiopia to Central...

other durational art pieces because he does not seek to embed a sense of asceticism and disciplined monotony through repetition. In an article from the Guardian...

journalist, editor and publisher Francis Thompson (1859–1907), English poet and ascetic James Thomson (1700–1748), Scottish poet and playwright James Thomson (Bysshe...

men who went on to found major monastic institutions. His eloquence and asceticism attracted many followers, for whom in 1096 he founded a monastery of canons...

ascetic teacher of ancient India – a contemporary (and rival) of Gautama Buddha – was said to have been born into slavery, and became a naked ascetic...

Bimala Prasad was initiated into Gaudiya Vaishnavism from the Vaishnava ascetic Gaurakishora Dāsa Bābājī. In 1918, following the death of his father in...

enlightened soul must emerge, shedding its bodily garments. A combination of ascetic conduct and correct ritual are recommended to free the soul from the confines...

who is currently believed to be living in Mahavideha, if there was an ascetic in the Bharata Kṣetra who was closest to following the practices prescribed...

Johann Conrad Beissel (1690–1768) and the Ephrata Cloister—such as the asceticism and mysticism of this Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, group – are reflected...

"Pacceka Buddha". Kloppenborg , Ria (1983). The Paccekabuddha: A Buddhist Ascetic Archived 2015-03-03 at the Wayback Machine - A Study of the Concept of...

monk at the monastery of Seridus near Gaza and wrote instructions on the ascetic life that influenced both Eastern and Western monasticism. Dorotheus was...

decided to "learn and follow the Buddha's teachings" by observing the 13 ascetic practices of Primitive Buddhism and walking for alms across the country...

Zahed (Zahid) (Arabic: زاهد) is an Arabic male name that means ascetic. Notable people with the name include: Zahed Gilani (1216–1301) Iranian Grandmaster...

Buddhism. According to Michaels, the period between 500-200 BCE is a time of "ascetic reformism", while the period between 200 BCE–1100 CE is the time of "classical...

Retrieved 12 March 2026. Saint Basil (1962). "Homily 11: Concerning Envy". Ascetical Works. The Fathers of the Church. Vol. 9. Translated by M. Monica Wagner...

form as a meditative ascetic with matted locks and body smeared with ashes. The ragas too have some of these masculine and ascetic attributes in their...

417) was a Desert Mother who was an influential figure in the Christian ascetic movement (the Desert Fathers and Mothers) that sprang up in the generation...

recommended for Vyanjana (appearance) agents by the Arthashastra include ascetics, forest hermits, mendicants, cooks, merchants, doctors, astrologers, householders...

promulgated a set of 'five points', by which he tried to enforce an excessively ascetic lifestyle on the monks, the Mahāsaṅghika Vinaya omits the five points and...

pilgrims, known as henro (遍路), still undertake the journey for a variety of ascetic, pious, and tourism-related purposes. The pilgrimage is traditionally completed...

was divided in the 1600s among the hereditary householder gosvāmīs and ascetic sādhus. Modern scholars state that he lived in the 1500s. The gosvāmīs...

Enclosed religious orders are religious orders whose members strictly separate themselves from the affairs of the external world. The term cloistered is...

venture into the desert to live a life of asceticism. He made his abode in a small cave where he lived ascetically. Although St. Anthony was not the first...

Karaite leader Daniel al-Kumisi arrived in Jerusalem and established an ascetic community of Mourners of Zion. Michael the Syrian notes thirty synagogues...

from exhaustion. This secret was divulged to one of the Garudas by the ascetic Karambiya, who taught him how to seize a nāga by the tail and force him...

and engages him in conversation, ultimately leading him away from his ascetic practice. Vishvamitra and Menaka reside together for a period, during which...

Quran is the Psalms of Dawud (David in Islam). The Christian monks and ascetics of pre-Islamic Arabia may be associated in pre-Islamic Arabic poetry with...

Martínez; 1488 – September 8, 1555) was a Spanish Augustinian friar, preacher, ascetic and religious writer. He served as Archbishop of Valencia from 1545 to...

Saint Patroclus of Bourges (c. 496–576) was a Merovingian ascetic, who was a native of the province of Berry, France. A deacon at Bourges, he withdrew...

Bush) in the Sinai Peninsula. Philotheus of Sinai followed the Sinaitic ascetic tradition of John Climacus. His writings are similar to those of Hesychius...

Sfânta Cuvioasă Teodora de la Sihla; born c. 1650 – d. ?) is a Christian ascetic and Romanian Orthodox saint, commemorated on 7 August. Born in Vânători-Neamț...

uncertain), in the Sous valley. He retreated to a nearby cave, and lived out an ascetic lifestyle, coming out only to preach his program of puritan reform, attracting...

begging and preaching throughout the cities of the empire, and similar ascetic and rhetorical ideas appeared in early Christianity. By the 19th century...

(died 803 CE / 187 AH), also known as Abu 'Ali, was an early Arab Muslim ascetic, scholar, and prominent figure in early Islamic mysticism. Born in Khurasan...

that it depicts the Buddha using the term "Self" to win over non-Buddhist ascetics. However, the Mahaparinirvana Sutra is a long and highly composite Mahayana...

priest and a professed member of the Order of Preachers. He was a noted ascetic known for being prone to ecstatic states on a frequent basis; he served...

the door of your Guru like a dog. Pavhari Baba (1798–1898) was a Hindu ascetic and saint. He was born in Premapur, Jaunpur in a Brahmin family.[citation...

free will to achieve human perfection. Pelagius (c. 355 – c. 420 AD), an ascetic and philosopher from the British Isles, taught that God could not command...

A bed of nails is an oblong piece of wood, the size of a bed, with nails pointing upwards out of it. While it appears at first glance that anyone lying...

devotee of the Hindu deity Krishna, taking as his spiritual teacher an ascetic who took the name Krishna-das (slave of Krishna). This guru bestowed on...

fourth value governing Pentecostal spirituality was "otherworldliness" or asceticism, which was partly informed by Pentecostal eschatology. The final and fifth...

according to a jataka story. The son of King Maharatha, he became an ascetic and gained a few disciples. On his walk with his closest disciple, he comes...

king Sri Yajna Satakarni, son of Gotami, after having been started by the ascetic Bopaki. These inscriptions show that the Satavahanas were in possession...

(ﮔﻠﺴﺘﺎن golistan; ﮔﻠﺸﻦ golshen) the ascetic (زاهد zâhid) – the dervish (درويش darvish) As the opposition of "the ascetic" and "the darvish" suggests, Divan...

Abhinavagupta, Kashmiri shaiv philosopher Bhava Brihaspati, 12th Century Pashupata ascetic Anukulchandra Chakravarty, Indian Guru who was the founder Satsang (Deoghar)...

Jogi (ascetic). After meeting Gorakhnath, the legendary founder of the Kanphata (pierced ear) sect of Jogis at Tilla Jogian ("Hill of Ascetics"), Ranjha...

Tantra on Religion and Art. D.K. Print World. Santideva, Sadhu (2000). Ascetic Mysticism. Cosmo Publications. Loriliai Biernacki, Renowned Goddess of...

one of the most prominent of the early Sufi saints known for his zuhd (asceticism). The story of his conversion is one of the most celebrated in Sufi legend...

Two ascetic attendants, who bow in reverence, emphasize his ascetic nature. In this view, Ekapada is regarded as symbolizing "severe asceticism, the...

Mahavira. The subject matter of the answers ranges from doctrine to rules of ascetic behaviour. The Vyākhyāprajñapti is divided into 41 sections known as shatakas...

person aspiring to be Pashupata ascetic should: reside in the environs of a Shiva temple bear the mark of a Pashupata ascetic, that is, the ashes in which...

(askētḗs "ascetic"). The earliest monks were men who fled civilization to lead an ascetic lifestyle alone in the desert. Early desert ascetics have been...

of the faith itself. He advocated social justice and lived a secluded, ascetic lifestyle. He was a vegan, known in his time as a moral vegetarian, entreating:...

Ji-shu Rinzai Zen Sōtō Zen Ōbaku Zen Nichiren Fuke-shū Shugendō (mountain asceticism) Practices and rituals Zazen (Zen meditation) Nenbutsu (Pure Land chanting)...

one of several patterns of "pain/suffering seeking behavior", including asceticism and penance. Theologian Paul Johnson considers such beliefs a topic of...

to primitive Christianity. This desire included imitating the faith and ascetic practices of early Christians as well as regularly partaking of Holy Communion...

the mysticism developed by Western Christianity is compared with the asceticism that flourished within the religious traditions of India. Weber's premature...

Winand Callewaert translates a poem attributed to Kabir in the warrior-ascetic Dadupanthi tradition within Hinduism, as follows: Keep the slanderer near...

30, in the Monastery of Nea Moni, for he had long wished to embrace the ascetic life. Three years after becoming a monk, he was ordained a deacon, taking...

and raped. She has withdrawn from society, and is practicing extreme asceticism within the Indian Jain religion, which Swede attributes to her penance...

Abdul Sattar Edhi (1928–2016), Pakistani humanitarian, philanthropist and ascetic Abdul Sattar, Indian politician Abdul Shamsid-Deen (born 1968), American...

Swedish: St./S:t Trifon av Petsamo; 1495–1583) was a Russian monk and ascetic in the Eastern Orthodox Church on the Kola Peninsula and in Lapland in...

1st century CE, namely Samkhya, Buddhism traditions, and "various older ascetic and religious strands of speculation." The Yoga Sutras are built on Samkhya...

(794–1185). Benkei led a varied life, first becoming a monk, then a mountain ascetic, and then a rogue warrior. He later came to respect and serve the famous...

1925 – 15 April 1995), popularly known as Kundrakudi Adigal was a Saivite ascetic, Tamil orator, and writer from Tamil Nadu, India. He has written many books...

the chase. They find Ashvatthama in Vyasa’s hermitage, disguised as an ascetic. In desperation, Ashvatthama charges a blade of grass with the incantation...

Holy man is a person, usually an ascetic, who is exceptionally pious or religious. Holy man or Holyman may also refer to: Holy Man, a 1998 film starring...

b-Nisan Assyrian culture Loosley Leeming, Emma (2018). Architecture and Asceticism: Cultural Interaction between Syria and Georgia in Late Antiquity. Texts...

attacked the ascetic. As Dathan was about to strike the ascetic with his sword, Meiporul dissuaded him saying as a Shaiva, the ascetic was related to...

the castle, more akin to house arrest. A particularly severe form of asceticism within Christianity is that of anchorites, who typically allowed themselves...

(1798–1857), playwright and poet Aloysius Bellecius (1704–1757), Jesuit ascetic author Jean-Henri Naderman (1734–1799), leading harp-maker and a music...

among the wonders is to find a Sufi who is a faqih and a scholar who is an ascetic (zahid)". He described Tasawwuf as "the science of the deeds of the heart...

professor, part priest, part recluse of unshakable beliefs. He regarded him as ascetic, concentrated on serving his country, with an encyclopedic knowledge of...

Kumaragurupara Desikar (1625 - 18 May 1688) or Kumaraguruparar was a Saivite ascetic-poet connected with the Thiruppanandal Adheenam. Kumaraguruparar was born...

Ajahn Chah left the settled monastic life and chose to live as a wandering ascetic monk in the Thai Forest Tradition. He walked across Thailand, practicing...

Joseph Goebbels, the Nazi propaganda minister, portrayed Hitler as "an ascetic without vices," highlighting his avoidance of drinking, smoking, and eating...

thoughts of pain and suffering. This was done due to a prophecy of the ascetic Asita, who predicted that Siddhartha would renounce the throne to become...

translations did. In the writings of Evagrius Ponticus, a Christian monk and ascetic, the Noonday Demon is specifically responsible for acedia, which he describes...

(Joranda, Khaliapali) have been established. Mahima Dharma is a popular ascetic movement which considers the void, shunya, as the divine principle, opposing...

and possibly the spread of urban diseases, contributed to the rise of ascetic movements and of new ideas which challenged the orthodox Brahmanism.[failed...

Prior to this work, Saint John had traditionally been portrayed as a gaunt ascetic. Leonardo's innovative depiction proved influential upon Raphael's workshop;...

(Arabic: أَحْمَد ابْن عَلِي ٱلرِّفَاعِي) was a Sunni Muslim preacher, ascetic, mystic, jurist, and theologian, known for being the eponymous founder...

contradicts Epiphanius's, with one emphasizing promiscuity and the other asceticism, "highlighting confusing narratives" about the sect's actual practices...

individual ascetic and the latter of disciples, and that Buddhism and Jainism ultimately emerged from these. Brahmanical and non-Brahmanical ascetic groups...

Olivelle, Patrick (1992). The Samnyasa Upanisads: Hindu Scriptures on Asceticism and Renunciation. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195361377. Pruthi...

philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Mendicant Stylite...

after a life-threatening fever, became "a changed woman" and a severe ascetic, practicing fasting as a spiritual discipline. Her fasts dramatically weakened...

the primary validation of a theologian is understood to be a holy and ascetical life rather than intellectual training or academic credentials (see scholasticism)...

ISBN 978-81-291-3428-8. Clark, Matthew (2006), The Daśanāmī-saṃnyāsīs. The Integration Of Ascetic Lineages Into An Order, BRILL Desai, Anjali H. (2007). India Guide Gujarat...

spirits of the dead until he arrives to a grotto where the Immortal Toad Ascetic lives. They converse, and the immortal sees all of Master Guns' sins and...

beloved disciple was a priestly member of a quasimonastic, mystical, and ascetic Jewish aristocracy, located on Jerusalem's prestigious southwest hill,...

Ψ訪！祖父母放浪記) June 6, 2018 (2018-06-06) "Returning the Favor, Toritsuka's Ascetic Fasting" Transliteration: "Kari no Hensai! Toritsuka Danjiki shugyō" (Japanese:...

intensely ascetic way of life and travelled east, first settling in Herat and later in Merv, where his tomb is still reputed to exist. He became an ascetic and...

that it was named after an Arab ascetic who, about forty-five years ago, claimed to have mystical powers. This ascetic stayed in the lane, and over time...

biographies of the Jain Tirthankaras. Many sutras discuss all aspects of ascetic and lay life in Jainism. Various ancient sutras, particularly from the...

Drogon Tsangpa Gyare (1161–1211) was a Buddhist ascetic and the main disciple of Lingchen Repa Pema Dorje and the founder of the Drukpa Lineage of Tibetan...

the Three Jewels, while resident monks practised alms rounds and other ascetic observances (dhutaṅga). Donative inscriptions in Mon, Khmer, and Sanskrit...

uncertain in which century Onuphrius lived; the account of Paphnutius the Ascetic, who encountered him in the Egyptian desert, forms the sole source for...

scholars have started to open up early Mahāyāna literature, which is very ascetic and expounds the ideal of the monk's life in the forest. Therefore, the...

Realization[clarification needed] concepts, some include Kundalini Yoga, asceticism, and philosophies ranging from Dvaita (dualism) to Advaita (monism). Some...

Lakulisa, who is an ascetic manifestation of Shiva, is seen in later peninsular Indian scriptures, whose ithyphallic aspects connotes asceticism and conserved...

of awakening. The Mahasaccaka Sutta (Majjhima Nikaya 36) describes his ascetic practices, which he abandoned. Thereafter he remembered a spontaneous state...

in any future confrontation with France. These ties, together with his ascetic manner and appearance (a positive advantage to him at the sombre court...

society". Mystical asceticism through intense devotion. Theurgical asceticism, or ritual asceticism. Magical asceticism. Cosmic asceticism. "Sapiential" and...

Goswami is an Indian surname and honorific title used by Brahmins and Hindu ascetics. The term is sometimes also pronounced as, Gosains, Gosine, Gossain, Gosain...

فقر, 'poverty'), is an Islamic term traditionally used for Sufi Muslim ascetics who renounce their worldly possessions and dedicate their lives to the...

meaning that Eastern Orthodox theology and its theologians are validated by ascetic pursuits, rather than academic degrees (i.e. scholasticism). According...

celibacy. According to Sean Scalmer, Gandhi in his final year of life was an ascetic, and his sickly skeletal figure was caricatured in Western media. In February...

with artistic conventions in portraying the Baptist – neither the older ascetic prophet nor the Florentine baby Giovannino, but a type of Leonardo's invention...

Shavuot Pilgrimage to Tzadik Pilgrimage to holy grave Lag BaOmer at Meron Asceticism Rosicrucianism Practical Kabbalah People 100s Four Who Entered the Pardes...

weeks after he attained Enlightenment. His audience consisted of five ascetics who had been his former companions: Kondañña, Assaji, Bhaddiya, Vappa,...

Christian saint, sage, theologian and prophet. Well known for his devoted asceticism and defense of icon veneration, Joannicius spent the majority of his life...

Jain texts often add samyak tapas (correct asceticism) as a fourth jewel, emphasizing belief in ascetic practices as the means to liberation (moksha)...

(수호자) Nhaga priests devoted to the Goddess Without Footprints, living an ascetic lives within the Heart Tower at each city's center. Known as the “Goddess’s...

taught about the toll houses. For example, Saint Theodoros the Great Ascetic [fr] instructs to "reflect on the dreadful reckoning that is to come, how...

philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Mendicant Stylite...

religion it is defined by Tenets (practices like megalithic building or asceticism) and Doctrines (stances towards issues like homosexuality and female clergy)...

Cistercian architecture, which encouraged no distraction from liturgy and ascetic contemplation, or in other contexts it could be treated to numerous fanciful...

and Rama was consecrated as king) and Sambuka-vadha, the killing of the ascetic Sambuka. The U-K attributes both actions to Rama, whom people acknowledged...

Rai, Yogmaya Neupane, Vallabhbhai Patel and others. He was a sannyasi (ascetic) from childhood and a scholar. He believed in the infallible authority...

of raw foods often eat it uncooked or slightly heated. The Essenes, an ascetic Jewish sect that flourished from the second century BC through the first...

epithet Ananga (“the bodiless one”) and symbolizes the conflict between ascetic detachment and sensual desire. In the Anushasana Parva, Kamadeva is further...

Society either ignores or denies their existence or insists they must be ascetic for religious reasons, neurotic, or asexual for political reasons. Masturbation...

groundbreaking", and criticizes those who have adopted "ever more extreme, ascetic, and unhealthy" versions of it. Grinspoon says that the intended goal for...

philosophy Apophatic Ascetical Cataphatic Catholic spirituality Hellenistic Mystical theology Neoplatonic Henosis Practices Monasticism Asceticism Mendicant Stylite...

century Christian ascetic saint who lived for 37 years atop a pillar Simeon Stylites the Younger (521–596), 6th century Christian ascetic saint, stylite...

Nayanar. Upon inquiry by the aged potter about what he can do for the ascetic, the ascetic gave him his "precious" earthen begging bowl and told the potter...

Bhairava or Kapali, a form of Shiva Kapali or Kapalika, a Hindu sect of ascetics Baishya Kapali, a caste of West Bengal, India Kapali, the ninth of the...

presbyter, theologian, and martyr. He was noted for both his scholarship and ascetic piety. According to Suidas, Lucian was born at Samosata, Kommagene, Syria...

its source and found a white-robed ascetic named Gyōei Koji, who had retreated to the mountain, practicing ascetic practices under the waterfall and praying...

related sub-lineages) whose differences trace back to the practices of ascetics. These include the Digambara, meaning "sky-clad", sect based on the nudity...

Jinabhadra or Vācanācārya Jinabhadragaṇī Kṣamāśramaṇa was Jain ascetic author of Prakrit and Sanskrit texts. Jinabhadra (520-623 AD) was a Śvetāmbara...

go practise asceticism. He went away with his horse, Hanvesa and ten million men followed him to become ascetics. He practised asceticism for nine months...

which emphasizes a personal struggle over "negative instincts." As an ascetic marabout who wrote tracts on meditation, rituals, work, and Quranic study...