Amen

This article is about the interjection. For other uses, see Amen (disambiguation).

Amen (Hebrew: אָמֵן, ʾāmēn; Ancient Greek: ἀμήν, amḗn; Classical Syriac: ܐܡܝܢ, 'amīn;[1] Arabic: آمين, ʾāmīn) is an Abrahamic declaration of affirmation[2] which is first found in the Hebrew Bible, and subsequently found in the New Testament.[3] It is used in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic practices as a concluding word, or as a response to a prayer.[2] Common English translations of the word amen include "verily", "truly", "it is true", and "let it be so".[4][5] It is also used colloquially, to express strong agreement.[2]

Pronunciations

In English, the word amen has two primary pronunciations, ah-MEN (/ɑːˈmɛn/) or ay-MEN (/eɪˈmɛn/),[6] with minor additional variation in emphasis (e.g., the two syllables may be equally stressed instead of placing primary stress on the second). In Anglophone North American usage, the ah-men pronunciation is used in performances of classical music and in churches with more formalized liturgy.

The ay-men pronunciation is a product of the Great Vowel Shift (i.e., it dates from the 15th century); it is associated with Irish Protestantism and with conservative evangelical denominations generally. It is also the pronunciation typically used in gospel music.[7]

Etymology

Amen is a word of Biblical Hebrew origin.[8] It appears many times in the Hebrew Bible as a confirmatory response, especially following blessings.[9] The basic triconsonantal root א-מ-נ, from which the word is derived, is common to a number of languages in the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages, including biblical Aramaic. Meanings of the root in Hebrew include to be firm or confirmed, to be reliable or dependable, to be faithful, to have faith, to believe. The word was imported into Greek from the Judaism of the early Church.[3][10] From Greek, amen entered other European languages. According to a standard dictionary etymology of the English word, amen passed from Greek into Late Latin, and thence into English.[11]

From Hebrew, the word was later adopted into the Arabic religious vocabulary and leveled to the Arabic root أ م ن,[12] which is of similar meanings to the Hebrew. The interjection occurs in the Christian and Islamic lexicons, most commonly in prayer, as well as secularly, albeit less commonly, so as to signify complete affirmation or deference. In religious texts, it occurs in Arabic translations of the Bible and after reciting the traditionally first chapter of the Quran, which is formally akin to religious supplications.

Popular among some theosophists,[13] proponents of Afrocentric theories of history,[14] and adherents of esoteric Christianity[15] is the conjecture that amen is a derivative of the name of the Egyptian god Amun (which is sometimes also spelled Amen). Some adherents of Eastern religions believe that amen shares roots with the Hindu Sanskrit word Aum.[16][17][18][19] Such external etymologies are not included in standard etymological reference works. The Hebrew word, as noted above, starts with aleph, while the Egyptian name begins with a yodh.[20]

In French, the Hebrew word amen is sometimes translated as Ainsi soit-il, which means "So be it."[21]

The linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that, as in the case of Hallelujah, the word amen is usually not replaced by a translation due to the speakers' belief in iconicity, their perception that there is something intrinsic about the relationship between the sound of the signifier (the word) and what it signifies (its meaning).[22]: 62 

Hebrew Bible

The word occurs in the Hebrew Bible 30 times; in Deuteronomy alone 12 times beginning at 27:15. The fixed phrase 'Amen, Amen' is seen five times – Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52; Numbers 5:22; Nehemiah 8:6. It is translated as 'of truth' two times in Isaiah 65:16. Three distinct Biblical usages of amen may be noted:[3]

  1. Initial amen, referring back to words of another speaker and introducing an affirmative sentence, e.g. 1 Kings 1:36.[3]
  2. Detached amen, again referring to the words of another speaker but without a complementary affirmative sentence, e.g. Nehemiah 5:13.[3]
  3. Final amen, with no change of speaker, as in the subscription to the first three divisions of Psalms.[3]

New Testament

Ornamented "Amen" from the 1845 illuminated Sermon on the Mount designed by Owen Jones.

In the New Testament, the Greek word ἀμήν is used as an expression of faith or as a part of a liturgical formula.[5] It also may appear as an introductory word, especially in sayings of Jesus. Unlike the initial amen in Hebrew, which refers back to something already said, it is used by Jesus to emphasize what he is about to say (ἀμὴν λέγω, "truly I say to you"),[23] a rhetorical device that has no parallel in contemporary Jewish practice.[24] Raymond Brown says that Jesus's peculiar and authentic reminiscent use of amen in the Fourth Gospel is an affirmation that what he is about to say is an echo from the Father.[25] The word occurs 52 times in the Synoptic Gospels; the Gospel of John has 25.[26]

In the King James Bible, the word amen is seen in a number of contexts. Notable ones include:

  • The catechism of curses of the Law found in Deuteronomy 27.[3]
  • A double amen ("amen and amen") occurs in Psalm 89 (Psalm 41:13; 72:19; 89:52), to confirm the words and invoke the fulfillment of them.[27]
  • Amen occurs in several doxology formulas in Romans 1:25, 9:5, 11:36, 15:33, and several times in Chapter 16.[3] It also appears in doxologies in the Psalms (41:14; 72:19; 89:53; 106:48). This liturgical form from Judaism.[28]
  • It concludes all of Paul's general epistles.
  • In Revelation 3:14, Jesus is referred to as, "the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of God's creation." The whole passage reads as "And unto the angel of the church of the Laodiceans write; These things saith the Amen, the faithful and true witness, the beginning of the creation of God". Notably, the text never specifically says that Jesus is the Amen. Although the letter is attributed to Jesus, the text refers to the Amen as having spoken the information that is being reported by Jesus in the letter. That the Amen is a witness, suggest some scholars, implies that the Amen is a being of some kind whose words are being referenced.
  • Amen concludes the last book of the New Testament, at Rev. 22:21.

Congregational use

Judaism

See also: Berakhah § Reciting amen

Although amen, in Judaism, is commonly used as a response to a blessing, it also is often used by Hebrew speakers as an affirmation of other forms of declaration (including outside of religious context).

Jewish rabbinical law requires an individual to say amen in a variety of contexts.[29][30][31] With the rise of the synagogue during the Second Temple period, amen became a common response, especially to benedictions. It is recited communally to affirm a blessing made by the prayer reader. It is also mandated as a response during the kaddish doxology. The congregation is sometimes prompted to answer "amen" by the terms ve-'imru (Hebrew: ואמרו) = "and [now] say (pl.)," or, ve-nomar (ונאמר) = "and we will say." Contemporary usage reflects ancient practice: As early as the 4th century BCE, Jews assembled in the Temple responded "amen" at the close of a doxology or other prayer uttered by a priest. This Jewish liturgical use of amen was adopted by the Christians.[24] But Jewish law also requires individuals to answer amen whenever they hear a blessing recited, even in a non-liturgical setting.

The Talmud teaches homiletically that the word amen is an acronym for אל מלך נאמן (ʾEl melekh neʾeman, "God, trustworthy King"),[32] the phrase recited silently by an individual before reciting the Shma.

Jews usually use Hebrew pronunciations of the word: /ɑːˈmɛn/ ah-MEN (Israeli and Sephardi) or /ɔːˈmeɪn/ aw-MAYN (Ashkenazi).[33]

Christianity

The use of "amen" has been generally adopted in Christian worship as a concluding word[34] for prayers and hymns and an expression of strong agreement.[24] The liturgical use of the word in apostolic times is attested (1 Corinthians 14:16[27]), and Justin Martyr (c. 150) describes the congregation as responding "amen" to the benediction after the celebration of the Eucharist.[3][34] Its introduction into the baptismal formula (in the Eastern Orthodox Church it is pronounced after the name of each person of the Trinity) was probably later.[35][34]

In Isaiah 65:16, the authorized version has "the God of truth" ("the God of amen" in Hebrew). Jesus often used amen to put emphasis to his own words (translated: "verily" or "truly"). In John's Gospel, it is repeated, "Verily, verily" (or "Truly, truly"). Amen is also used in oaths (Numbers 5:22; Deuteronomy 27:15–26; Nehemiah 5:13; 8:6; 1 Chronicles 16:36).[27]

Amen is also used in standard, international French, but in Cajun French Ainsi soit-il ("so be it") is used instead.

Amen is used at the end of the Lord's Prayer,[36] which is also called the Our Father or the Pater Noster.

In some Christian churches, the "amen corner" or "amen section" is any subset of the congregation likely to call out "Amen!" in response to points in a preacher's sermon.[37] Metaphorically, the term can refer to any group of heartfelt traditionalists or supporters of an authority figure. The term has also been used as a place name, and as a title for musical and literary works; see Amen Corner.

Islam

ʾĀmīn in Arabic.

ʾĀmīn (Arabic: آمين) is the Arabic form of Amen. In Islam, it is used with the same meaning as in Judaism and Christianity; when concluding a prayer, especially after a supplication (du'a) or reciting the first surah Al Fatiha of the Qur'an, as in prayer (salat), and as an assent to the prayers of others.[38][39]

Arabic dictionaries define ʾāmīn as an imperative verbal noun, whose meaning is answer or reply (i.e., imploring God to grant one's prayer). The word was borrowed from Hebrew into Arabic in only this context, thus it is strictly used in Arabic as a final amen to conclude supplications or to declare affirmation, and has no initial amen usage with the meaning of truly or certainly as found in the word’s original Hebrew language grammar.

See also

References

  1. ^ Payne Smith, Robert (1879). Thesaurus Syriacus. Oxford: The Calerndon Press. p. 118.
  2. ^ a b c Harper, Douglas. "amen". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 August 2007.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i Thurston, Herbert (1907). "Amen" . In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  4. ^ "Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek-English Lexicon, ἀμήν". perseus.tufts.edu. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  5. ^ a b Danker, Frederick W.; Bauer, Walter; Arndt, William F. (2000). "ἀμήν". A Greek-English lexicon of the New Testament and other early Christian literature (Third ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-03933-1. OCLC 43615529.
  6. ^ "amen – definition of amen in English by Oxford Dictionaries". oxforddictionaries.com. Archived from the original on 13 July 2012. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  7. ^ "Two Ways of Pronouncing 'Amen'".
  8. ^ Paul Joüon, SJ, A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew, trans. and revised by T. Muraoka, vol. I, Rome: Editrice Pontificio Instituto Biblico, 2000.
  9. ^ Understanding Your Neighbor's Faith, Philip Lazowski, (KTAV), 2004, p. 43
  10. ^ "Amen". Jewish Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 16 February 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  11. ^ "Amen". American Heritage Dictionary. Archived from the original on 21 April 2008. Retrieved 26 February 2008.
  12. ^ "Language Log » Amen". Retrieved 13 July 2024.
  13. ^ "Collation of Theosophical Glossaries – Amen". Archived from the original on 15 March 2008. Retrieved 12 March 2008.
  14. ^ "Origin of Amen". 14 July 2017. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
  15. ^ "Amen". The Assembly of IaHUShUA MaShIaChaH. 15 December 2005. Archived from the original on 6 February 2008. Retrieved 13 March 2008.
  16. ^ Yogananda, Paramahansa. Autobiography of a Yoga, 1946, chapter 26.
  17. ^ Sri H.W.L Poonja, 'The Truth is', Published by Samuel Weiser, 2000, ISBN 1-57863-175-0
  18. ^ [] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 29 July 2015.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  19. ^ "Hindu Culture – Omkar and Swastika". hindubooks.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  20. ^ Erman, Adolf & Grapow, Hermann: Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache, Im Auftrage der Deutschen Akademien, Berlin: Akademie Verlag (1971), p. 85
  21. ^ "Amen: Behind the word and meaning". ASH. 12 August 2018. Retrieved 27 February 2019.
  22. ^ Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232, 978-1403938695 [1] Archived 13 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  23. ^ "Strong's Greek: 281. ἀμήν (amen) -- truly". biblehub.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  24. ^ a b c "Amen". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 17 March 2008.
  25. ^ Raymond Brown, The Gospel According to John Vol 1, Anchor Bible Dictionary, page 84
  26. ^ "Amen", Encyclopedia Biblica
  27. ^ a b c "Bible Dictionary: Amen". eastonsbibledictionary.com. Retrieved 2 September 2015.
  28. ^ cf. John L. McKenzie, SJ, "Dictionary of the Bible", New York: MacMillan Publ. Co., Inc., 1965. Entry: "Amen," (p. 25)
  29. ^ Orach Chaim 56 (amen in kaddish)
  30. ^ O.C. 124 (amen in response to blessings recited by the prayer reader)
  31. ^ O.C. 215 (amen in response to blessings made by any individual outside of the liturgy)
  32. ^ Tractate Shabbat 119b and Tractate Sanhedrin 111a
  33. ^ To Pray as a Jew: A Guide to the Prayer Book and the Synagogue Service, Hayim Halevy Donin
  34. ^ a b c Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Amen" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 804.
  35. ^ Among certain Gnostic sects, Amen became the name of an angel.
  36. ^ Wycliffe. "Matthew 6:9–15". Wycliffe Bible.
  37. ^ Hovda, Robert W. (1983). "The amen corner". Worship. 57 (2): 150–156.
  38. ^ Hastings, James (2004) [1901]. A Dictionary of Christ and the Gospels: Volume I. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 52.
  39. ^ Glassé, Cyril (2003). The New Encyclopedia of Islam. Stacey International. p. 48. ISBN 978-0759101906.

Further reading

Look up amen in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Wikiquote has quotations related to Amen.

Read other articles:

Aerolineas Argentinas

Aerolíneas Argentinas IATA ICAO Kode panggil AR ARG ARGENTINA Didirikan14 Mei 1949Mulai beroperasi7 Desember 1950PenghubungBandar Udara Internasional Ministro PistariniPenghubung sekunderAeroparque Jorge NewberyKota fokusBandar Udara Internasional Ingeniero Ambrosio L.V. TaravellaProgram penumpang setiaAerolíneas PlusLounge bandaraSalón CondórAliansiSkyTeamAnak perusahaan Aerohandling Aerolíneas Argentinas Cargo Air Austral JetPaq S.A Optra S.A Armada46 (+35 Dalam Pesanan)Tujuan46SloganA...

 

 

Atari

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Atari (homonymie). Atari Logo d'Atari. Création 27 juin 1972 Fondateurs Nolan Bushnell et Ted Dabney Personnages clés Nolan Bushnell (fondateur)Ted Dabney (cofondateur)Jack Tramiel (directeur de 1984 à 1996) Forme juridique Société anonyme Action Euronext : ATA Slogan Revolution, Entertainment and Technology[1] Siège social 25 rue Godot de Mauroy, Paris[2] France Direction Wade Rosen Actionnaires Atari Interactive (depuis 2001) Activité...

 

 

القوات الجوية البلجيكية

القوات الجوية الملكية البلجيكية   شعار القوات الجوية الملكية البلجيكية الدولة  بلجيكا الإنشاء 1909  النوع سلاح الجو الدور حرب جوية جزء من القوات المسلحة الملكية البلجيكية الاشتباكات الحرب العالمية الأولى  الموقع الرسمي الموقع الرسمي  الشارة دائري تعديل مصدري ...

2021 Jackson mayoral election

2021 Jackson mayoral election ← 2017 June 8, 2021 (2021-06-08) 2025 →   Candidate Chokwe Antar Lumumba Les Tannehill Charlotte Reeves Party Democratic Independent Independent Popular vote 13,160 2,536 1,697 Percentage 69.3% 13.4% 8.9% Mayor before election Chokwe Antar Lumumba Democratic Elected Mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba Democratic Elections in Mississippi Federal government U.S. President 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1...

 

 

Xcaret

Maya civilization archaeological site This article is about the Maya archaeological site. For the modern-day commercial theme park and tourist attraction, see Xcaret Park. Xcaret (Mayan pronunciation: [ʃkaˈɾet]) is a Maya civilization archaeological site located on the Caribbean coastline of the Yucatán Peninsula, in the state of Quintana Roo in Mexico. The site was occupied by the pre-Columbian Maya and functioned as a port for navigation and an important Maya trading center. Som...

 

 

RK Zaječar

Serbian handball club This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: RK Zaječar – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) RK ZaječarFull nameRukometni klub ZaječarFounded1949Dissolved2013ArenaSRC KraljevicaCapacity3,000Club ...

Associazione Sportiva Magenta 1950-1951

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Associazione Calcio Magenta. Associazione Sportiva MagentaStagione 1950-1951Sport calcio Squadra Magenta Allenatore Mario Benfenati Presidente Francesco Plodari Serie C16º posto nel girone A. Retrocesso in Promozione. 1949-1950 1951-1952 Si invita a seguire il m...

 

 

Anxhela Peristeri

Anxhela PeristeriBiographieNaissance 24 mars 1986 (38 ans)KorçëNationalité albanaiseActivité ChanteusePériode d'activité depuis 2004Autres informationsLabel Onimamodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Anxhela Peristeri (prononcé en albanais : [andʒɛla pɛɾisteɾi]), parfois connue sous le mononyme Anxhela, est une chanteuse albanaise née le 24 mars 1986 à Korçë en Albanie. Elle représente l'Albanie au Concours Eurovision de la chanson 2021 à Rotterd...

 

 

Aceh

Ne doit pas être confondu avec Aceh (peuple), Aceh (langue) ou Banda Aceh. Aceh (id) Aceh Héraldique Drapeau Carte de localisation de la province. Administration Pays Indonésie Statut Province à statut spécial Capitale Banda Aceh Gouverneur Achmad Marzuki (intérim) Fuseau horaire UTC+7 Démographie Gentilé Acehnais, Achinais Population 5 253 512 hab. (2023[1]) Densité 92 hab./km2 Rang 15e Géographie Superficie 57 365,67 km2 Rang 11e Divers Langue(s) ace...

Thaddeus McCotter 2012 presidential campaign

2012 United States presidential election candidacy McCotter 2012Campaign2012 United States presidential electionCandidateThaddeus McCotter U.S. Representative from MichiganAffiliationRepublican PartyHeadquartersLivonia, MichiganKey peopleMark Corallo (adviser)Christopher Marston (treasurer)Christopher Rants (adviser)ReceiptsUS$550,437 (June 30, 2012)SloganSeize Freedom!Websitemccotter2012.com(archived October 5, 2011) U.S. Representative Thaddeus McCotter of Michigan unsuccessfully sough...

 

 

List of lakes of New York

This is a list of lakes in the state of New York in the United States. Swimming, fishing, and/or boating are permitted in some of these lakes, but not all. Beaverdam Lake Great Sacandaga Lake Lake Champlain Lake Flower Lake Kanawauke Lake Placid Lower Saranac Lake Notch Lake Lake Otsego Upper St Regis Lake Upper Saranac Lake looking north Adirondack Lake Ampersand Lake Atwood Lake Avalanche Lake Augur Lake Babcock Lake Bailey Pond Ballston Lake Basket Pond Bass Lake Bear Cub Pond Beaverdam L...

 

 

Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center

U.S. Navy facility for development of naval aviation training and tactics NAWDC logo The Naval Aviation Warfighting Development Center (NAWDC, pronounced NAW-DIK) was formerly known as the Naval Strike and Air Warfare Center (NSAWC, pronounced EN-SOCK) at Naval Air Station Fallon located in the city of Fallon in western Nevada. It is the center of excellence for naval aviation training and tactics development. NAWDC provides service to aircrews, squadrons and air wings throughout the United S...

Edward C. Walthall

American politician Edward Cary WalthallUnited States Senatorfrom MississippiIn officeMarch 9, 1885 – January 24, 1894Preceded byLucius Q. C. LamarSucceeded byAnselm J. McLaurinIn officeMarch 4, 1895 – April 21, 1898Preceded byAnselm J. McLaurinSucceeded byWilliam V. Sullivan Personal detailsBorn(1831-04-04)April 4, 1831Richmond, Virginia, U.S.DiedApril 21, 1898(1898-04-21) (aged 67)Washington, D.C., U.S.Resting placeHillcrest CemeteryHolly Springs, Mississippi, U.S...

 

 

Van Buren, Arkansas

Not to be confused with Van Buren County, Arkansas. City in Arkansas, United StatesVan Buren, ArkansasCityCity of Van BurenClockwise, from top: US 64/US 71B bridge over the Arkansas River, Van Buren Old Frisco Depot, Crawford County Bank Building, Main Street in the Van Buren Historic District, Crawford County Courthouse SealLocation of Van Buren in Crawford County, ArkansasVan BurenLocation within the contiguous United States of AmericaCoordinates: 35°26′54″N 94°21′10″W / &...

 

 

Arc d'Orange

Théâtre antique et ses abords et « Arc de Triomphe » d'Orange *  Patrimoine mondial de l'UNESCO Arc de Triomphe d'Orange Coordonnées 44° 08′ 32″ nord, 4° 48′ 17″ est Pays France Subdivision Vaucluse, Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Type Culturel Critères (III) (VI) Superficie 9,45 ha Zone tampon 232 ha Numérod’identification 163 Région Europe et Amérique du Nord ** Année d’inscription 1981 (5e session) Autre protecti...

KFIS

Radio station in Scappoose, OregonKFISScappoose, OregonBroadcast areaPortland metropolitan areaFrequency104.1 MHzBranding104.1 The FishProgrammingFormatContemporary ChristianOwnershipOwnerSalem Media Group(Salem Communications Holding Corporation)Sister stationsKPDQ, KPDQ-FM, KRYPHistoryFirst air dateApril 1981 (as KTIL-FM in Tillamook)September 1, 2001 (as KFIS in Scappoose)Former call signsTillamook:KTIL-FM (1981–1999)KJUN (1999–2001)Call sign meaningK FISH (on-air branding)Technical in...

 

 

Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia

Grand Duke of Russia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Grand Duke Alexander Alexandrovich of Russia – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this name that follows Eastern Slavic naming customs, the patronymic is Alexandrovich. ...

 

 

Lame duck

Un lame duck (littéralement « canard boiteux ») désigne, dans le monde politique anglo-saxon, un élu dont le mandat arrive à terme mais toujours en poste, alors que son successeur est déjà élu mais n'occupe pas encore le poste. L'élu sortant se retrouve particulièrement affaibli politiquement dans cette situation de transition, bien que disposant toujours théoriquement des mêmes pouvoirs. Il est simultanément davantage libre de ses actions à court termes, telles que l...

Rudolf Kalvach

Questa voce è orfana, ovvero priva di collegamenti in entrata da altre voci. Inseriscine almeno uno pertinente e utile e rimuovi l'avviso. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento artisti non è ancora formattata secondo gli standard. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Rudolf Kalvach Rudolf Kalvach (Vienna, 22 dicembre 1883 – Kosmonosy, 14 marzo 1932) è stato ...

 

 

Height discrimination

Prejudice or discrimination against individuals based on height Part of a series onDiscrimination Forms Institutional Structural Statistical Taste-based Attributes Age Caste Class Dialect Disability Genetic Hair texture Height Language Looks Mental disorder Race / Ethnicity Skin color Scientific racism Rank Sex Sexual orientation Species Size Viewpoint Social Arophobia Acephobia Adultism Anti-albinism Anti-autism Anti-homelessness Anti-drug addicts Anti-intellectualism Anti-intersex ...