Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute

Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute
PredecessorAlberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program
Formation1998
TypeCollaborative monitoring[1]
Greg Taylor Chair Stephen Lougheed Shawn Wasel Secretary/Treasurer Roger Gibbins[2]
AffiliationsAlberta Innovates-Technology Futures
University of Alberta
University of Calgary
Royal Alberta Museum
Budget$11 M[3] (2012-2013)
Revenue$9,513,809[3] (2013)
WebsiteOfficial website, archived from the original on 2008-12-01
Formerly called
Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program

Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) is an agency that monitors and reports on biodiversity status throughout the province of Alberta, Canada,[4] that is funded equally by the government of Alberta and the oil and gas industry.[5] The Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute is based in Edmonton, Alberta. According to Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures (AITF), a key partner in the ABMI, the ABMI, which acts as "an early warning system by monitoring the cumulative effects of biodiversity change in regions throughout Alberta" is "the largest project of its kind ever attempted in Canada."[6] Collaborating agencies include the government-industry research agency Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures, the University of Alberta, University of Calgary and the Royal Alberta Museum.[7][4] Along with the Alberta Forest Management Planning Standard, the ABMI are key components to implementing resource planning based on ecosystem management principles. Alberta Environment and Parks consults the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Agency's reports in monitoring and preservation of species, setting benchmarks for biodiversity for land use plans. If industry contributes to the endangerment of a species that falls below these benchmarks, the Government of Alberta can order remedial action.[7]

Location

The ABMI Science Centres are located at the University of Alberta, Alberta Innovates and the University of Calgary. Their Processing Centre is at the Royal Alberta Museum and their Information and Application Centre is at the University of Alberta. The ABMI Monitoring Centre is located at Alberta Innovates Technology Futures offices in Vegreville. Dan Farr has been Director at the Application Centre since April 2010.[3]

History

Since the 1990s it was recognized that Alberta needed a comprehensive provincial biodiversity monitoring program but at that time the province did not have the capacity to conduct such a program.[8]

Phase 1 (1998-2002) of what was then called Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program (ABMP) was funded by $1 M cash from Alberta forest industries, oil and gas industries, the provincial government, and non-government organizations.[8]

A team of more that 20 scientists identified protocols to survey a broad diversity of biota, habitat structures, vegetation communities, and landscapes patterns within Alberta. These protocols have been reviewed by other scientists from across North America and have been amalgamated into an integrated design that will effectively and efficiently survey all elements. The ABMP is designed to monitor long-term, broad-scale changes in biodiversity, many of which are anticipated to be difficult to detect because they occur slowly over time. The ABMP will facilitate comparisons among geographic regions, and will feed information into an adaptive management process so that resource managers can evaluate long-term sustainability of biodiversity and natural resources. Information and analyses generated from the ABMP will be used to delineate potential causal relationships between development events and changes in biodiversity. Above all, the ABMP is designed to be scientifically credible, transparent, and to satisfy the needs of government, industry, and the public. This program will provide early warning of biodiversity change, and reduce the cost of sustaining biodiversity by reducing the need for expensive species recovery programs.

— Alberta Research Council 2003

Between 1998 and 2003 a group of researchers reviewed literature regarding protocols for sampling terrestrial biota and habitat structures. Scientists involved in the research included "Dan Farr, Chris Shank, Rich Moses, Stan Boutin, Erin Bayne (vertebrates), Phil Lee, Steve Hanus (forest structure and vascular plants), Jennifer Doubt, Rene Belland (mosses), Anna-Liisa Sippola, Jogeir Stokland (fungi), Neville Winchester, Bert Finnamore, Jeff Battigelli, Heather Proctor (arthropods), and others."[9] Jim Schieck, Chris Shank and Dan Farr combined these protocols into an integrated suite "designed to be cost effective and capable of monitoring a diversity of biota, over broad spatial scales and long time periods."[9] In a 2007 interview ABMI lead scientist, Jim Schieck of the Alberta Research Council, described how the ABMI "program was developed in the last 5 years, 6 or 7 years." The team of 7 or 8 people at the University of Alberta were investigating effective management and monitoring of biota using statistical data management on species and habitats and ecosystems to set benchmarks for future reference.[10]

Phase 2 (2003-2007) involved the development of a prototype "designed to test the protocols, develop systems and generate product streams to the satisfaction of the sponsors and potential future clients." Funding for 2003 was $675,000.[8] By 2006 the team had completed the background scientific development and moved into the prototype project, a small scale program.[10]

The ABMI began working in 2003[11]: 511  and at that time one of the ABMI projects involved working with a small company in Saskatoon to develop equipment with highly sensitive microphones to record bird vocalizations digitally that could then be interpreted in a laboratory setting.[12] This standardized the process using "technology that records bird calls at a very fine level, and then having an expert go through the calls to identify the birds correctly."[12]

In 2006 the Collaborative Research and Development (CRD) at the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program published A Manual for Estimating Biodiversity Intactness for the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program: Description and Working Example.[13]

With funding from ABMI, a team of researchers from Alberta Research Council and the University of Alberta used winter mammal tracking sites in the boreal forest of Alberta to measure biodiversity intactness to be used as baselines in monitoring biodiversity. The "southern boreal forest had the lowest intactness and the greatest human footprint." They published their findings in an article in Biological Conservation.[14]: 403 

However, from 2007 to 1 April 2013, the ABMI's financing and administration was not self-managed but was dependent on the University of Alberta's systems.[3]

In 2012 the Province of Alberta passed legislation to enable the ABMI to generate and collect funds to finance their program.[3] "New legislation to formally establish the provincial monitoring entity was expected in the fall of 2013."[3] By February 2012 although the ABMI was "identified as a key component of the Joint Canada-Alberta Monitoring Plan and has many strong elements – scientific leadership, publicly accessible information, and value-neutral result presentation" the Institute had not secured full funding which limited "its ability to deliver sound monitoring data."[15] By 2013 the private sector increased payments $4,190,445 from $2,896,000 in 2012.[3] In 2012 the Government of Alberta gave $5,205,000 and increased that to $5,305,000 in 2013 when the Government of Canada decreased their funding to $0.[3]

A 2014 ABMI report commissioned by the Canadian Oilsands Innovation Alliance (COSIA), one of ABMI's stakeholders, showed a decline of 20 per cent among bird species in northern Alberta. The report covered all three oil sands areas, Peace River, Fort McMurray and Cold Lake. ABMI board member and Pembina Institute Director, Simon Dyer, described how "what gets measured, gets managed." While "longtime agriculture on private land has a bigger footprint on northern Alberta landscape than the oilsands industry or forestry", the former is static whereas the latter are expanding and they are on Crown land where the government has more authority.[16]

Board of directors

The ABMI Board of Directors has from seven to fourteen Directors "representing the Government of Alberta, environmental non-governmental organization sector, forest sector, energy sector, agriculture sector, and the research community."[2] The Pembina Institute and the Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers CAPP are represented on the ABMI board.

Partners and Sponsors

According to the ABMI 2012-2013 Annual Report, partners and sponsors include industry, universities, governmental and non-governmental organizations: Alberta Innovates Bio Solutions, Alberta Innovates Technology Futures, Alberta Land Institute, Alberta Livestock and Meat Agency Ltd, Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc, Athabasca Oil Corporation, Canadian Natural Resources Limited, Cenovus Energy, Climate Change and Emissions Management Corporation, Connacher Oil and Gas Corporation, ConocoPhillips Canada, Devon Operating Corporation (now operating as Brion Energy Corporation), Ecological Monitoring Committee for the Lower Athabasca, Environment Canada, Government of Alberta, Hammerstone Corporation, Husky Energy, Imperial Oil, Ivanhoe Energy Inc., Japan Canada Oilsands Ltd., Laricina Energy Ltd., MEG Energy, NEXEN Inc., Oilsands Developers Group, Royal Albert Museum, Shell Canada, Southern Pacific Research Corp., Statoil, Suncor Energy, Sunshine Oilsands Ltd, Syncrude, Teck Resources Ltd., Total E & P Canada Ltd., the University of Alberta and the University of Calgary.[3]

Collaborating agencies

Collaborating agencies include the government-industry research agency Alberta Innovates-Technology Futures (AITF), the University of Alberta, home to the ABMI Executive Office, Science Centre, and Information Centre, Alberta Research Council, home to the ABMI Monitoring Centre. the Alberta Conservation Association (ACA) which "manages fisheries and aquatic sampling in lakes and rivers" and the Royal Alberta Museum which "manages specimen identification and storage."[1]

The Pembina Institute is a member of the Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) – "one of the primary existing programs that the implementation plan endorsed for expansion and more funding."[15] Pembina Institute's Simon Dyer who is also on the board of the ABMI argued that, "There is nothing like [the ABMI] anywhere else in the world, in terms of its comprehensiveness, the number of species it looks at and its ability to monitor changes in biodiversity over large landscapes over long time periods. What the ABMI provides, for the first time, is a meaningful metric of environmental impact or biodiversity performance that governments could use to inform decision making." According to Dyer, in pristine northeastern Alberta "there is still time to do proper land use planning, identify conservation areas for biodiversity and ensure good planning going forward." Dyer explains that the projected quadrupling of oil sands production "without a proper plan in place to mitigate those impacts" is what concerns oil sands critics, not the current impacts.[12] According to the Pembina Institute blog, "The ABMI is identified as a key component of the Joint Canada-Alberta Monitoring Plan and has many strong elements – scientific leadership, publicly accessible information, and value-neutral result presentation. However, the ABMI still has not secured full funding, so the ABMI's ability to deliver sound monitoring data is limited by the availability of resources to support its work."[15]

Joint Canada-Alberta Monitoring Plan

In February 2012 Canada's Environment Minister, Peter Kent announced the launch of the Joint Canada-Alberta Monitoring Plan or Joint Canada-Alberta Implementation Plan for Oil Sands Monitoring, with aspirations of becoming a transparent, accountable world class oil sands environmental monitoring system.[17] The Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute (ABMI) is the key component of the Joint Canada-Alberta Monitoring Plan.[15]

Methodologies

The ABMI and the Alberta Forest Management Planning Standard are based on the cumulative approach and ecosystem management principles.[4]

The basic survey design consists of 1656 sites, 20 km apart, evenly spaced on a grid pattern across Alberta. Sites will be sampled over a five-year period at a rate of 350 sites/year. Standardized sampling protocols will be used to cover a broad range of species and habitat elements within terrestrial and aquatic environments, as well as broader landscape-level features.

— Stadt, Schieck, Stelfox 2006

According to Cathy Olesen MP,[11]: 511 

The biodiversity and, therefore, the health of over 2,000 species is assessed by the changes in habitats and human land use through a cumulative effects approach. Cumulative effects monitoring attempts to uncover the link between environmental stressors and the many indicators that are monitored. The methodology employed is such that the province is divided into 1,656 evenly spaced monitoring areas. Each year approximately 330 sites are assessed. An assessment is comprised of site visits, aerial photography, and satellite imagery. This results in a comprehensive snapshot of the entire province every five years. The next time around when a site gets re-examined, it is done within a week's window to reduce any seasonal variability.

— Cathy Olesen MP

Researchers from ABMI and the University of Alberta using the oil sands industry of Alberta as case study in their paper in which they challenged the economic prudence of the costly equivalency-based biodiversity offset systems by using ABMI's "empirically derived index of biodiversity intactness to link offsets with losses incurred by development."[18]

Biodiversity offsets are designed to compensate for residual environmental damage caused by development after avoidance, minimization, and mitigation of environmental impacts have been considered and implemented. The goal of offsets is to compensate for the loss of biodiversity at one location with conservation gains elsewhere. Typical forms of biodiversity offsets include land protection, restoration, or enhancement, and they are typically applied to achieve no net loss of a particular biodiversity feature.

— Habib et al 2013

Boreal woodland caribou

According to the 2014 ABMI report all six herds of caribou including the threatened boreal and the endangered mountain caribou "have suffered annual rates of decline ranging from 4.6% to 15.2% from 1993 to 2012" in the oil sands region (OSR) as oil and gas production booms in northern Alberta. As these herds in the oil-sands region are "genetically distinct" from other boreal caribou populations, the ABMI report concludes that, "It is therefore unlikely that populations in the (region) will gain new members from caribou populations in other parts of the province." In an article in The Wall Street Journal, Dawson observed that, "The report comes amid controversy over Alberta's recent sales of oil and gas development leases in areas populated by both boreal and mountain caribou."[5]

Citations

  1. ^ a b "Collaborating Agencies", Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Institute, nd, archived from the original on 2015-01-03, retrieved 3 January 2015
  2. ^ a b "Board of Directors", Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures, nd, archived from the original on 2010-12-10, retrieved 3 January 2014
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Annual Report", ABMI, 2013
  4. ^ a b c Stadt et al.
  5. ^ a b Dawson 2014.
  6. ^ "Biodiversity Monitoring", Alberta Innovates - Technology Futures, nd, archived from the original on 26 June 2014, retrieved 17 June 2014
  7. ^ a b Pratt 2014.
  8. ^ a b c "Petroleum Technology Alliance Canada Project Funding Request to the Environmental Research Advisory Council: Alberta Biodiversity Monitoring Program Prototype", Prototype Program Sponsors via Alberta Research Council (ARC), May 2004
  9. ^ a b "Terrestrial Data Collection Protocols", ABMI, no. 10045, 21 March 2014
  10. ^ a b Alberta Innovates 2007.
  11. ^ a b Olesen (MP), Cathy (5 November 2012), "ABMI" (PDF), Alberta Hansard, Edmonton, Alberta, retrieved 3 January 2015
  12. ^ a b c Louie 2013.
  13. ^ Nielsen 2006.
  14. ^ Nielsen 2007.
  15. ^ a b c d Grant, Jennifer (22 February 2012), "The path to improved oilsands monitoring: Pembina's role", Pembina Institute, retrieved 3 January 2015
  16. ^ Jackson, Ryan (17 June 2014), "Agency calls for wildlife protection rules in oilsands area", Calgary Herald, Edmonton, retrieved 3 January 2014
  17. ^ "Canada and Alberta take action to implement world class monitoring system for the oil sands", Alberta Environment and Sustainable Resource Development, 3 February 2012, retrieved 3 January 2015
  18. ^ Habib 2013.

References

Read other articles:

MonstersSingel oleh All Time Low featuring Demi Lovato dan BlackbearDirilis 3 April 2020 (versi orisinal) 4 Desember 2020 (remix Demi Lovato) Format Unduhan digital streaming GenrePunk rockPop rockDurasi2:54LabelFueled by RamenPenciptaAndrew GoldsteinAlex GaskarthDemi LovatoJack BarakatKevin FisherMatthew MustoProduserFRNDKronologi singel All Time Low Getaway Green (2020) Monsters (2020) Once in a Lifetime (2021) Kronologi singel Demi Lovato Commander in Chief(2020) Monsters(2020) W...

 

Molniya R-60 Molniya R-60 Jenis Short-range Air to Air Missile Negara asal Soviet Union Sejarah pemakaian Masa penggunaan 1974- present Sejarah produksi Produsen Vympel Spesifikasi Berat 43.5 kg (96 lb) Panjang 2090 mm (6 ft 10 in) Diameter 120 mm (4¾ in) Hulu ledak 3 kg (6.6 lb) Mekanismeledakan proximity Jenis Mesin solid-fuel rocket engine Rentang sayap 390 mm (15¼ in) Daya jelajah 8 km (5 mi) Ketinggian terbang 20,000 m (65,615 ft) Kecepatan Mach 2.7 Siste...

 

Écrou d'attache du rotor principal, ou « écrou de Jésus » d'un hélicoptère Bell 222U. Écrou de Jésus (en anglais : « Jesus nut ») est le nom donné à l'écrou qui maintient le rotor principal au mât de la plupart des hélicoptères tels que le Bell UH-1 Iroquois[1]. Plus généralement, c'est le nom donné à n'importe quel composant critique qui, s'il vient à casser, peut entraîner des conséquences catastrophiques. Terminologie Le terme vient du fait ...

Penyuntingan Artikel oleh pengguna baru atau anonim untuk saat ini tidak diizinkan.Lihat kebijakan pelindungan dan log pelindungan untuk informasi selengkapnya. Jika Anda tidak dapat menyunting Artikel ini dan Anda ingin melakukannya, Anda dapat memohon permintaan penyuntingan, diskusikan perubahan yang ingin dilakukan di halaman pembicaraan, memohon untuk melepaskan pelindungan, masuk, atau buatlah sebuah akun. One DirectionOne Direction di Logies Award pada tahun 2012Informasi latar belakan...

 

Издательство политической литературы ЦК КПСС (Политиздат) Основано 1918 Ликвидировано 1991 Страна  СССР Адрес 125811, Москва, Миусская площадь, 7[1] Код Госкомиздата СССР 079 Награды Информация в Викиданных ? Изда́тельство полити́ческой литерату́ры ЦК КПСС (Политизда́т) ...

 

Star Wars: The Force AwakensSutradaraJ. J. AbramsProduser Kathleen Kennedy J. J. Abrams Bryan Burk Ditulis oleh Lawrence Kasdan J. J. Abrams Michael Arndt Pemeran Harrison Ford Mark Hamill Carrie Fisher Adam Driver Daisy Ridley John Boyega Oscar Isaac Lupita Nyong'o Andy Serkis Domhnall Gleeson Anthony Daniels Peter Mayhew Max von Sydow Yayan Ruhian Iko Uwais Penata musikJohn WilliamsSinematograferDaniel MindelPenyunting Maryann Brandon Mary Jo Markey Perusahaanproduksi Lucasfilm Ltd. B...

Firing of a projectile weapon (such as a firearm) without loaded ammunition Gun storage boxes for civilian visitors at a courthouse in Prague, Czech Republic. Before storing, the gun is aimed at the gun clearing trap (left, red), it is unloaded and dry fired. The bullet trap is constructed so as to safely contain a fired bullet in case the operator mistakenly left a round in the chamber. Loading of firearm when leaving is also conducted while aiming into the bullet trap, without engaging trig...

 

Animals and plants of the central African country Leopard The wildlife of Equatorial Guinea is composed of its flora and fauna. Overview There are approximately 3,250 species of plants.[1] Africa has high animal diversity. There are at least 194 mammal species; 418 species of birds, and 91 reptile species.[1] Fauna This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.F...

 

American football team season 1975 Los Angeles Rams seasonOwnerCarroll RosenbloomHead coachChuck KnoxHome fieldLos Angeles Memorial ColiseumResultsRecord12–2Division place1st NFC WestPlayoff finishWon Divisional Playoffs(vs. Cardinals) 35–23Lost NFC Championship(vs. Cowboys) 7–37 ← 1974 Rams seasons 1976 → The 1975 Los Angeles Rams season was the team's 38th year with the National Football League, and the 30th season in Los Angeles. In 2007, ESPN.com ranked th...

Cahaya dari Timur: Beta MalukuPoster filmSutradaraAngga Dwimas SasongkoProduserGlenn FredlyAngga Dwimas SasongkoDitulis olehSwastika NoharaM. Irfan RamliAngga Dwimas SasongkoPemeranChicco JerikhoShafira UmmAbdurrahman ArifBurhanuddin OhorellaAufa AssegafBebeto LeutuallyJajang C. NoerPenata musikNikita DompasSinematograferRoby TaswinPenyuntingYoga KrispratamaPerusahaanproduksiVisinema PicturesTanggal rilis19 Juni 2014 (2014-06-19)Durasi150 MenitNegaraIndonesiaBahasaBahasa IndonesiaB...

 

Royal Air Force Air Marshal (1895-1948) Sir Arthur ConinghamConingham in 1944Nickname(s)'Mary'Born(1895-01-19)19 January 1895Brisbane, AustraliaDiedpresumably 30 January 1948(1948-01-30) (aged 53)AllegianceNew Zealand (1914–16)United Kingdom (1916–47)Service/branchNew Zealand Expeditionary ForceRoyal Air ForceYears of service1914–47RankAir MarshalCommands heldFlying Training Command (1945–47)2nd Tactical Air Force (1944–45)North African Tactical Air Force (1943–44)Air HQ...

 

Rai SüdtirolLogo dell'emittenteStato Italia Linguatedesco Tipogeneralista EditoreRai Sitoraisudtirol.rai.it Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Rai Südtirol è la struttura in lingua tedesca della sede Rai di Bolzano, deputata a trasmettere su tutto il territorio del Trentino-Alto Adige programmi televisivi e radiofonici. Indice 1 Storia 2 Televisione 2.1 Programmazione 2.2 Teletext 2.3 Trasmissioni televisive 2.3.1 Informazione e attualità 2.3.2 Cultura e storia 2.3.3 Magazine ...

Yemeni novelist and writer Ali al-MuqriBorn1966Taiz, YemenLanguageArabic, FrenchGenreNovelNotable worksBlack Taste, Black Odor (2008) The Handsome Jew (2009) Ali al-Muqri (Arabic: علي المقري) (born in Taiz) is a Yemeni novelist and writer.[1] Two of his novels - Black Taste, Black Odour and The Handsome Jew - have been long-listed for the Arab Booker Prize. He also received a special commendation from the jury of the 2015 French Prize for Arabic Literature, for his novel Ḥu...

 

Walter Houser Brattain nel 1956 Premio Nobel per la fisica 1956 Walter Houser Brattain (Xiamen, 10 febbraio 1902 – Seattle, 13 ottobre 1987) è stato un fisico statunitense. Vinse il Premio Nobel per la fisica nel 1956 assieme a John Bardeen e William Shockley per gli studi che portarono alla realizzazione del transistor. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Onorificenze 3 Note 4 Altri progetti 5 Collegamenti esterni Biografia Walter Brattain nacque a Amoy (Xiamen), Fujian, Cina, da genitori americani,...

 

ガルシア6世García VI ナバラ国王 在位 1134年 - 1150年出生 1112年頃死去 1150年11月21日 ナバラ王国、バジェ・デ・イェリ配偶者 マルガリータ・デ・ライグレ  ウラカ・デ・カスティーリャ子女 マルガリータサンチョ6世ブランカ家名 ヒメノ家王朝 ヒメノ朝父親 ラミロ・サンチェス母親 クリスティーナ・ロドリゲステンプレートを表示 ガルシア6世(García VI, 1112年頃 - 1150�...

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento centri abitati del Lazio non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. Fabrica di Romacomune Fabrica di Roma – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Lazio Provincia Viterbo AmministrazioneSindacoClaudio Ricci (lista civica) dal 4-10-2021 TerritorioCoordinate42°20′05″N 12°18′01�...

 

Dăržavno părvenstvo po futbol 1931 Competizione Dăržavno părvenstvo po futbol Sport Calcio Edizione 7ª Organizzatore BFS Luogo  Bulgaria Partecipanti 12 Risultati Vincitore Atletik-Slava 23(1º titolo) Secondo  Spartak Varna Statistiche Incontri disputati 11 Gol segnati 48 (4,36 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1930 1932 Manuale Il Dăržavno părvenstvo po futbol 1931 fu la settima edizione della massima serie del campionato di calcio bulgaro concluso il 13 ...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento microregioni del Brasile non cita le fonti necessarie o quelle presenti sono insufficienti. Puoi migliorare questa voce aggiungendo citazioni da fonti attendibili secondo le linee guida sull'uso delle fonti. UberabamicroregioneLocalizzazioneStato Brasile Stato federato Minas Gerais MesoregioneTriângulo Mineiro e Alto Paranaíba TerritorioCoordinate19°44′52″S 47°55′05″W19°44′52″S, 47°55′05″W (Uberaba) Superficie9 ...

تعليم دينيمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من تعليم المُؤَلِّف Richard Dehmel (en) يدرسه religion didactics (en) يمارسها religious education teacher (en) رمز تصنيف البرامج التعليمية 39.0439.0401 تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات السجناء المدانين يتلقون التعليم القرآني في فيصل آباد بالسجن المركزي،باكستان في عام 2010 يس�...

 

For the other Ligue communiste révolutionnaire, see Revolutionary Communist League (Belgium). Political party in France Revolutionary Communist League Ligue communiste révolutionnaireLeaderCollective leadership(Central committee);three spokespersons:Olivier Besancenot,Alain Krivine,Roseline VachettaFounded1930Dissolved5 February 2009 (2009-02-05)Succeeded byNPAHeadquarters2, rue Richard-Lenoir, 93100 MontreuilYouth wingYoung Revolutionary CommunistsIdeologyTrots...