Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades

Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
كتائب شهداء الأقصى‎
Kataeb Shuhada Al-Aqsa[1][2][3][4][5][6]
LeaderYasser Arafat (former)
Dates of operation2000–present
Ideology
Part of Fatah (until 2007)
Allies Hamas
 Palestinian Islamic Jihad
 Popular Resistance Committees
Palestinian Authority Palestinian Authority (until 2007)
Opponents Israel
Battles and wars
Designated as a terrorist group by Israel
 United States
 European Union
 Canada
 New Zealand
 Japan
Websitenedal.net
Palestinian nationalism
Factions and leaders
Map: Birthplaces or family origins
Details below: p. parents from, b. born in, d. death.
Palestine Liberation Organization
Chairman
Also: President of the PNA
PLO political factions
Related groups
Leader Mustafa Barghouti
Fatah
Founders
p. Gaza City b. Cairo d. 2004 in Paris
Chairman
b. Safed
(President of the PA)
Secretary-General
Vice Chairman
Fatah splinter groups
Al-Mustaqbal (electoral list)
Prisoner of Israel
see also: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis
Palestinian Mujahideen Movement
Militant wing Mujahideen Brigades
Former militant wings of Fatah
Founder of the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades
Local commander in Nablus
Former head of the Tanzim in Nablus
Local commander in Jenin
see also Tali Fahima
d. killed by EQB
see also: Lions' Den
Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Secretary General
b. Lydda
Birth name: "Mustafa Ali Zabri"
b. 1938 Arraba, Jenin Jenin
See also: 17 October 2001
Prisoners of Israel since 2006
see also: Israel–Hamas war hostage crisis
Deputy Secretary General
Other key figures
Schisms and splinter groups
Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine
Split from the PFLP in 1969.
Founder and current leader
b. 1938 As-Salt
Militant wing
National Resistance Brigades
Palestinian Islamic Jihad
b. Khan Yunis
Militant wing
Saraya Al-Quds
Hamas
List of leaders
Chairman of Hamas Shura Council (1987‑2004)
b. Al-Jura, d. 2004
b. Yibna, d. 2004
Chairman of Hamas Polit Bureau
p. Al-Jura, b. Al-Shati, d. 2024
b. Silwad
Leader in the Gaza Strip
p. Al‑Majal, b. Khan Yunis, d 2024
Head of International relations
b. Beit Hanoun
Police and Disaster Management
p. Bayt Tima, d. 2024
Minister for Women's Affairs
b. Jabalia, d. 2023, m. Widow of Rantisi
Militant wing
Ezzedeen Al-Qassam Brigades
Birth name: Mohammed Al-Masri
p. Kawkaba (near Kokhav Michael) and Al‑Qubayba, b. Khan Yunis
d. Failed attempt in 2014
d. Unconfirmed: 2024)
Related topics
Historical figures
Namesake of the Qassam Brigades
early Palestinian nationalist
b. 1897 in Jerusalem
b. 1899 in Ramla
b. 1891 Deir al-Qamar
Jamal al-Husayni
Musa al-Husayni
Related topics
Ideologies
Present day
1967 to 1995
1948 to 1967
1918 to 1948
Before 1918

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades (Arabic: كتائب شهداء الأقصى; Romanised Kataeb Shuhada Al-Aqsa)[2][1] are a Fatah-aligned coalition of Palestinian armed groups in the West Bank[7] and the Gaza Strip.[9]

Created in 2000 amidst the Second Intifada,[10] the Brigades previously operated as the official armed wing of the Fatah political party before separating from them in 2007.[11] Presently, the organization continues to be politically aligned with Fatah[7] and nonetheless sometimes still presents itself as the party's armed wing, an association rejected by Fatah leadership.[10][12]

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades have conducted various armed attacks on Israeli military and civilian targets since 2000. Notably, they have participated in the ongoing Israel-Hamas war (2023–present) alongside Hamas and other allied Palestinian factions.[10][12][13]

The Brigades have been designated as a terrorist organization by Israel, the European Union,[14][15] Canada,[16] Japan,[17] New Zealand,[18] and the United States.[19]

Relationship with Fatah and the Palestinian Authority

The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades were formed in Balata Camp, near Nablus in the West Bank, following a controversial visit in September 2000 by Israeli Prime Minister Ariel Sharon and a large police contingent to Temple Mount in Jerusalem. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades had a close connection to Fatah under the leadership of Yasser Arafat, although this connection was weakened following Arafat's death in 2004. The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades continues to be aligned with Fatah politically.[7]

Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades announced their separation from the Fatah party in 2007, coinciding with President Mahmoud Abbas’s announcement of a decree banning all armed militias.[11] The Fatah movement does not currently officially adopt the military wing, and its statements and websites are devoid of any reference to it or its members and leaders.[20] In 2007 to 2008 some members defected to the Palestinian Authority while others formed Islamist splinter groups such as the Popular Resistance Committees (PRC) in the Gaza Strip.[21] Ibrahim al-Nabulsi has been described as "a Fatah leader from Kataeb Shuhada' Al-Aqsa"[4] but it is possible that many people have separate affiliations to both.

Before 2007

Since 2002, some leaders in Fatah have reportedly tried to get the Brigades to stop attacking civilians.[22]

In November 2003, BBC journalists uncovered a payment by Fatah[citation needed] of $50,000 a month to the Brigades[23] This investigation, combined with the documents found by the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), led the government of Israel to draw the conclusion that the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades had always been directly funded by Yasser Arafat.[citation needed]

On 18 December 2003, Fatah asked the leaders of the al-Aqsa Martyr's Brigades to join the Fatah Council, recognizing it officially as part of the Fatah organization.[24]

In June 2004, then Palestinian Prime Minister Ahmed Qurei openly stated this: "We have clearly declared that the Aksa Martyrs' Brigades are part of Fatah. We are committed to them and Fatah bears full responsibility for the group."[25]

2007 amnesty deal

In July 2007, Israel and the Palestinian Authority reached an amnesty deal under which 178 al-Aqsa gunmen surrendered their arms to the Palestinian Authority, renounced future anti-Israel violence and were permitted to join Palestinian security forces.[26] Later agreements in 2007 and 2008 added more gunmen to the list of those granted amnesty in exchange for ending violence, eventually bringing the total to over 300.[27]

On 22 August 2007, according to Arutz Sheva, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades announced that it was backing out of its commitment and promise to refrain from attacks against Israel and the Israeli backed amnesty deal giving amnesty to 178 al-Aqsa gunmen who agreed to stop militant activities against Israel and surrender their weapons.[28] al-Aqsa said that it backed out of the deal due to the IDF's arrest of two militants who were supposed to be on the amnesty list. According to the IDF, they said they caught the two men at a checkpoint and said they were involved in "terrorist activity" which consequently mandated their arrest according to the stipulations of the amnesty deal. Shortly after backing out of the amnesty deal and its promise of stopping to attack Israel that Al Aqsa agreed to a month earlier, al-Aqsa gunmen in Gaza have announced that they are starting to launch hundreds of rockets and mortar shells at Israeli towns and cities and named the campaign, "Hole in the Wall II."[28]

Militant activities

2000 – 2022

The Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades are responsible for numerous attacks in the West Bank, targeting both Israelis and Palestinians.

The group's first attack occurred on 30 October 2000, when a young militant shot two Israeli police officers in the back at the entrance to the National Insurance Institute in East Jerusalem, killing an officer on the way to the hospital.[29]

On 17 January 2001, Hisham Nikki, head of the official Palestinian Broadcasting Corporation associated with Yasser Arafat, was shot dead by masked gunmen in a restaurant in Gaza, Gaza Strip.[30][31] Days later, the group claimed the murder of an Israeli civilian.[32]

In January 2002 they carried out the 2002 Hadera attack, when a gunman killed six and wounded 33 in a Bat Mitzvah celebration.[33] On 19 February 2002 the Brigades carried out the Ein 'Arik checkpoint attack, near Ramallah, where one officer and five soldiers were killed. On 3 March 2002 they carried out the Wadi al-Haramiya sniper attack on an IDF checkpoint at Wadi al-Haramiya, near Ofra, where two officers and five soldiers were killed and five soldiers wounded. Three civilian settlers were also killed in the incident. On 2 March 2002 they carried out the Yeshivat Beit Yisrael massacre in Beit Yisrael, Jerusalem where 11 were killed.[34] In August 2002 they killed a Palestinian woman, Ikhlas Khouli for collaborating with Israel.[35]

On 5 January 2003, the Brigades killed 22 people in the Tel Aviv Central bus station massacre. In November 2003, they killed the brother of Ghassan Shakaa (the mayor of Nablus).[36]

On 29 January 2004, the Brigades carried out the Café Moment bombing in Rehavia, Jerusalem, resulting in 11 people being killed. During the first three months of 2004, a number of attacks on journalists in the West Bank and Gaza Strip were blamed on the Brigades as well, including the attack on the Arab television station Al Arabiya's West Bank offices by masked men who identified themselves as members of the Brigades. Palestinian journalists in Gaza called a general strike on 9 February 2004 to protest this rising violence against journalists.[37] On 22 February 2004 they did a suicide bombing on a bus in West Jerusalem, killing 8 people.[38] On 14 March 2004 the Brigades together with Hamas carried out the Port of Ashdod bombings where 10 were killed.[39]

On 24 March 2004, a Palestinian teenager named Hussam Abdo was caught in an IDF checkpoint carrying an explosive belt. Following his arrest, an al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades teenagers' militant cell was exposed and arrested in Nablus.[40] The al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades took prominent part in the July 2004 riots in the Gaza Strip, in which Palestinian officers were kidnapped and PA security headquarters buildings and policemen were attacked by gunmen.[41] These riots led the Palestinian cabinet to declare a state of emergency. One media outlet described the situation in the Palestinian Authority as anarchy and chaos.[citation needed] On 23 September 2004, a 15-year-old suicide bomber was arrested by Israeli security forces.[42]

On 16 October 2005, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades claimed responsibility for a shooting attack at the Gush Etzion Junction which killed three Israelis and wounded three others.[43]

The European Union's Gaza offices were raided by 15 masked gunmen from al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades on 30 January 2006. They demanded apologies from Denmark and Norway regarding the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons and left 30 minutes later without shots fired or injuries.[44]

On 9 June 2007, in a failed assault on an IDF position at the Kissufim crossing between Gaza and Israel in a possible attempt to kidnap IDF soldiers, 4 armed members of the al-Quds Brigades – the military wing of Islamic Jihad – and the Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades as the then military wing of Fatah used a vehicle marked with "TV" and "PRESS" insignia, penetrated the border fence, and assaulted a guard tower in what Islamic Jihad and the army said was a failed attempt to capture an Israeli soldier. IDF troops killed one militant, while the others escaped. The use of a vehicle that resembled a press vehicle evoked a sharp response from many journalists and news organizations, including the Foreign Press Association[45] and Human Rights Watch.[46] On 14 July 2007, Zakaria Zubeidi – who was considered the local al-Aqsa leader for Jenin and the northern West Bank, and who had been wanted for many years for his armed activity against Israel – agreed to cease fighting against Israel[47] after Prime Minister Ehud Olmert gave conditional pardon for 178 prisoners from the PA territories.

The Brigades claimed responsibility for the 2022 Bnei Brak shootings, where a gunman shot five people dead in the ultra-Orthodox Tel Aviv suburb of Bnei Brak before being killed.[48]

Israel-Hamas war (2023-present)

The Al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades participated in the Hamas-led 7 October attacks on Israel, which began the ongoing Israel-Hamas war.[13]

According to the Institute for the Study of War, during the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip, the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades engaged in combat with the Israel Defence Forces in various locations throughout the Gaza Strip, including in Gaza City, Khan Yunis, and Juhor ad-Dik.[49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56]

Notable members

Notable members of the al-Aqsa Martyrs' Brigades includes active militants and militants that were killed or arrested by the Israeli security forces.

In the Sacha Baron Cohen movie Brüno, the character Brüno interviewed Palestinian Christian Ayman Abu Aita, who was portrayed in the movie as a leader of the militant group. The group released a statement to a Jerusalem-based journalist saying that it was "very upset" that it had been featured in the film.[60] Abu Aita insists that he was tricked into appearing in the film and that he has never been involved with the Martyrs' Brigades. In an interview with Time, Abu Aita stated, "It is true that I was jailed in 2003... I was active in resisting the occupation, in non-violent ways."[61] After a clip of the interview was played on the Late Show with David Letterman, Ayman called Baron Cohen a "big liar".[citation needed] Abu Aita subsequently filed a $110 million lawsuit against Baron Cohen and David Letterman,[62] which was settled before trial.[63]

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b Murphy, Maureen Clare (17 September 2004). "Prisoner Stories: Sleiman Sari al Sa'di's sons". The Electronic Intifada. Retrieved 30 January 2024.
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  11. ^ a b عودة, سامح (27 November 2023). "Al-Qassam is not alone. Learn about the most prominent resistance factions in Palestine ليست القسام وحدها.. تعرف على أبرز الفصائل المقاوِمة في فلسطين". الجزيرة نت (in Arabic). Al Jazeera Arabic. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
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Solar power in Massachusetts

Overview of solar power in the U.S. state of Massachusetts Photovoltaics on a house near Boston[1] Solar power in Massachusetts has been increasing rapidly, due to Section 1603 grants for installations that began before December 31, 2011,[2] and the sale of SRECs for $0.30/kWh,[3] which allows payback for the system within 5 or 6 years, and generates income for the life of the system. For systems installed after December 31, 2011, and before December 31, 2016, the 30% ...

 

 

Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve

Marine Reserve in Hong Kong Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve sign Cape D'Aguilar Marine Reserve (Chinese: 鶴咀海岸保護區) is the only Marine Reserve (distinct from Marine Parks) in Hong Kong. It is located at the far south-east corner of Hong Kong Island and covers an area of just 20 hectares (49 acres), mainly between Kau Pei Chau and the rocky coastline.[1] It was designated in July 1996 under the Marine Parks Ordinance to protect the rocky shores and the subtidal habitats i...

 

 

Japan–Philippines relations

Bilateral relationsJapan–Philippines relations Japan Philippines Diplomatic missionJapanese Embassy, ManilaPhilippine Embassy, TokyoEnvoyAmbassador Kazuya EndoAmbassador Mylene Garcia-Albano Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida held talks with Philippine President Bongbong Marcos after the 10th High-Level Meeting of the Friends of CTBT (Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty) Summit, September 21, 2022 Japan–Philippines relations (Japanese: 日本とフィリピンの関係, romanized:&#...

The Phantom Tollbooth (film)

1970 fantasy film The Phantom TollboothTheatrical release posterDirected by Chuck Jones Abe Levitow Dave Monahan (live action) Screenplay by Chuck Jones Sam Rosen Based onThe Phantom Tollbooth1961 novelby Norton JusterProduced byChuck JonesStarring Butch Patrick Mel Blanc Daws Butler Candy Candido Hans Conried June Foray Patti Gilbert Shepard Menken Cliff Norton Larry Thor Les Tremayne CinematographyLester ShorrEdited byJim FarisMusic byDean ElliottProductioncompanyMGM Animation/Visual ArtsDi...

 

 

Irene Aderenti

Irene Aderenti Senatrice della Repubblica ItalianaDurata mandato29 aprile 2008 –14 marzo 2013 LegislaturaXVI GruppoparlamentareLega Nord Padania CoalizioneCentro-destra 2008 CircoscrizioneLombardia Sito istituzionale Dati generaliPartito politicoLega Nord (fino al 2019) Titolo di studiodiploma di istituto magistrale Professioneinsegnante Irene Aderenti (Zurigo, 21 febbraio 1955) è una politica italiana. Indice 1 Biografia 1.1 La carriera politica 2 Note 3 Colle...

 

 

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1195

United Nations resolution adopted in 1998 UN Security CouncilResolution 1195AngolaDate15 September 1998Meeting no.3,925CodeS/RES/1195 (Document)SubjectThe situation in AngolaVoting summary15 voted forNone voted againstNone abstainedResultAdoptedSecurity Council compositionPermanent members China France Russia United Kingdom United StatesNon-permanent members Bahrain Brazil Costa Rica Gabon Gambia Japan Kenya Portugal ...

Cục Sở hữu trí tuệ (Việt Nam)

Cục Sở hữu trí tuệThành lập29 tháng 7 năm 1982; 41 năm trước (1982-07-29)Trụ sở chính384-386, đường Nguyễn Trãi, phường Thanh Xuân Trung, quận Thanh Xuân,Vị tríHà Nội, Việt NamTọa độ20°59′36″B 105°48′20″Đ / 20,993409°B 105,80566°Đ / 20.993409; 105.80566Vùng phục vụ Việt NamNgôn ngữ chính Tiếng ViệtCục trưởngLưu Hoàng LongChủ quảnBộ Khoa học và Công nghệTC...

 

 

Antonio Cromartie

Antonio CromartieCromartie nel 2016Nazionalità Stati Uniti Altezza188 cm Peso96 kg Football americano RuoloCornerback SquadraFree agent CarrieraGiovanili  Florida State Seminoles Squadre di club 2006-2009 San Diego Chargers2010-2013 New York Jets2014 Arizona Cardinals2015 New York Jets2016 Indianapolis Colts Palmarès Trofeo Vittorie Selezioni al Pro Bowl 4 All-Pro 1 Vedi maggiori dettagliStatistiche aggiornate al 31 marzo 2015 Modifica dati su Wikidata...

 

 

Howard Cruse

American cartoonist (1944–2019) For the Anglican bishop, see Howard Cruse (bishop). Howard CruseCruse in 2014Born(1944-05-02)May 2, 1944Birmingham, Alabama, U.S.DiedNovember 26, 2019(2019-11-26) (aged 75)Pittsfield, Massachusetts, U.S.Area(s)CartoonistNotable worksGay ComixStuck Rubber BabyAwardsInkpot Award, 1989[1]United Kingdom Comic Art Award,Prix de la critique (France), 2002howardcruse.com Howard Cruse (May 2, 1944 – November 26, 2019) was an American alternative cartoo...

Delaware River (Kansas)

This article is about the river in the U.S. state of Kansas. For other uses, see Delaware River (disambiguation). River in Kansas, United StatesDelaware RiverKansas City metropolitan rivers with the Delaware in the northwestLocationCountryUnited StatesStateKansasPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationNortheast Nemaha County, Kansas, United States • coordinates39°55′40″N 095°50′15″W / 39.92778°N 95.83750°W / 39.92...

 

 

Gravitational lensing formalism

Part of a series of articles aboutGravitational lensing Einstein ringFormalismStrong lensingMicrolensingWeak lensing Strong lens systems Abell 1689 Abell 2218CL0024+17 Bullet ClusterQSO2237+0305 SDSSJ0946+1006B1359+154 QSO 0957+561 Surveys Strong: CLASS SLACS SDSS Micro: OGLE Gaia Weak: DLS Pan-STARRS CFHTLS DES LSST SNAP DESTINY vte For broader coverage of this topic, see Gravitational lens. In general relativity, a point mass deflects a light ray with impact parameter b   {\displaystyl...