Aggregation (ethology)

In ethology, an aggregation is any form of gathering of organisms and the process of coming together. In some forms groups of unrelated species might form, in which interaction between members of the aggregation might be minimal; for example herds of grazing zebra and antelopes might combine, both the better to observe the approach of predators, and to improve the odds of escape in the event of attack by predators. Sometimes there might be some interaction, such as mixed flocks of birds that observe each other's foraging behaviour in searching for food. Sometimes there might be quite orderly common action, such as the queuing up for a resource; for example different species of fishes may aggregate around a cleaning station where cleaner wrasse and cleaner shrimp are active, more or less taking turns for attention. Such aggregations, where there is no particular association of species or sizes, may be referred to loosely as unstructured aggregations. Commonly they are very temporary and may be loose, with flocks or herds associating casually and separating equally casually within hours.

Structured aggregations tend to be longer-term and of a specific life-cycle function and context. Typically, though not necessarily, they will be of a single species. Often they will be of a single age and possibly of a single sex, such as shoals of fish fry that have specific ecological requirements that are not compatible with those of the mature species. One class of such aggregations comprises groups of adult, but immature "bachelor" males of elephants, seals, lions and other animals in which the mature herd will not tolerate males that would begin to compete with the dominant males. Another is when aposematic larvae of certain insects such as some Lepidoptera and Hemiptera form a flock that feed together and may migrate in "processions" until they are mature after which some kinds disperse. Most species of migrating birds and mammals flock on a large scale, partly for protection and partly for greater reliability of navigation. In some species of Hemiptera the adults remain with their aggregated immature offspring, sometimes in protective roles.

The range of functions is very wide in detail, but among the more important classes of function are security against predators, success in food location, wide range of mate choice, with concomitant increase of outbreeding opportunities, location with other members of the same species (sometimes adherence to separate communities can almost amount to parapatric residence when say, different communities of rats or chimpanzees have violent mutual antipathy). There also are various forms of educational function, such as in some species where the young must learn the correct mate recognition skills, and in highly intelligent species such as crows and elephants, must learn the necessary social skills and the necessary traditional foraging techniques in their region.

Aggregation activities are not restricted to the animal kingdom; for one example, a fundamental class of aggregations occurs in the various groups of slime molds, in which separate cells actually aggregate in the process of constructing their reproductive structure.

See also

Read other articles:

Robert Altman

Robert AltmanRobertAltmanLahirRobert Bernard Altmanlahir 2 Mei {{{4}}}Kesalahan ekspresi: Operator < tak terdugaAmerika SerikatPekerjaanSutrdaraTahun aktif1947 Robert Bernard Altman (20 Februari 1925-20 November 2006) merupakan seorang sutradara berkebangsaan Amerika Serikat yang menjadi terkenal saat bermain di film utama seperti MASH dan Nashville. Dia dilahirkan di Kansas City, Missouri. Dia berkarier di dunia film sejak tahun 1947 hingga 2006. Filmografi The Delinquents (1957) Th...

 

Miss Universe 2005

Miss Universe 2005Tanggal31 Mei 2005TempatImpact Arena, Bangkok, ThailandPembawa acaraBilly Bush, Nancy O'DellPenyiaranNBC, Channel 7 (Thailand)Peserta81Finalis/Semifinalis15DebutLatviaTidak tampilAustria, Cina Taipei, Estonia, Ghana, Kep. Cayman, Saint Vincent dan Grenadines, SwediaTampil kembaliAlbania, Britania Raya, Indonesia, Namibia, Sri Lanka, Kep. Virgin AS, ZambiaPemenangNatalie Glebova KanadaPersahabatanTricia Homer Kep. Virgin ASKostum Nasional Te...

 

Six Pack (EP)

1981 EP by Black FlagSix PackEP by Black FlagReleasedJune 1981RecordedApril 1981StudioGolden Age Recording in HollywoodGenreHardcore punkLength5:26LabelSST (005)ProducerGeza X, Spot, Black FlagBlack Flag chronology Louie Louie(1981) Six Pack(1981) Damaged(1981) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1] Six Pack is the third EP by the American hardcore punk band Black Flag. It was released in June 1981 through SST Records on 7 vinyl, and later on 10 and 12 vinyl...

Kristiono

Ir.Kristiono Direktur Utama PT Telkom IndonesiaMasa jabatan21 Juni 2002 – 24 Juni 2005PresidenMegawati SoekarnoputriSusilo Bambang Yudhoyono PendahuluMuhammad NazifPenggantiArwin Rasyid Informasi pribadiLahir12 Februari 1954 (umur 70) Surakarta, Jawa Tengah, IndonesiaKebangsaan IndonesiaAlma materInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh NopemberSunting kotak info • L • B Ir. Kristiono (lahir 12 Februari 1954), merupakan Ketua Umum Masyarakat Telematika Indonesia perio...

 

Lophophorata

Lophophorata BryozoaBrachiopodTaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaTanpa nilaiLophophorata Klad †Tommotiida (paraphyletic) Brachiozoa Bryozoa s.l. lbs Lophophorata atau Tentaculata adalah sebuah klad lophotrochozoa yang terdiri dari Brachiozoa dan Bryozoa,[1][2][3][4] yang ditandai dengan adanya lofofor. Analisis filogenetika molekuler menyarankan bahwa Lophophorata merupakan protostomia, namun secara morfologi, mereka diklasifikasikan sebagai deuterostomia.[5] C...

 

Marianas Trench Marine National Monument

US national monument in the Mariana Archipelago Marianas Trench Marine National MonumentIUCN category V (protected landscape/seascape)[1]Marianas Trench Marine National MonumentMariana TrenchLocation of Marianas Trench in the Pacific OceanShow map of Pacific OceanMariana TrenchMariana Trench (Northern Mariana Islands)Show map of Northern Mariana IslandsLocationMariana Archipelago, Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and GuamNearest cityCapitol Hill, Saipan, Northern Mari...

Shiwa, Iwate

Shiwa 紫波町KotaprajaBalai Kota Shiwa BenderaEmblemLokasi Shiwa di Prefektur IwateShiwaLokasi di JepangKoordinat: 39°33′15.8″N 141°09′19.7″E / 39.554389°N 141.155472°E / 39.554389; 141.155472Koordinat: 39°33′15.8″N 141°09′19.7″E / 39.554389°N 141.155472°E / 39.554389; 141.155472Negara JepangWilayahTōhokuPrefektur IwateDistrikShiwaPemerintahan • WalikotaIzumi KumagaiLuas • Total238,98&...

 

Harris Corporation

Harris CorporationLogo Stato Stati Uniti Forma societariaPublic company Borse valoriNYSE: HRSS&P 500 Component ISINUS4138751056 Fondazione1895 a Niles Fondata daAlfred S. Harris Chiusura2019 Sede principaleMelbourne Persone chiaveWilliam M. Brown Presidente e CEO SettoreIndustria della difesa e della comunicazione Prodottisistemi elettronici, sistemi di comunicazione, spazio Fatturato5,9 miliardi di $[1] (2017) Dipendenti17.000 (2017) Sito webwww.harris.com Modifica dati ...

 

Århus

Ej att förväxla med Åhus. Århus Stad Århus rådhus. Vapen Slogan: Smilets by Land  Danmark Region Region Midtjylland Kommun Århus kommun Koordinater 56°9′N 10°12′Ö / 56.150°N 10.200°Ö / 56.150; 10.200 Area  - tätort 91 km²  - kommun 468 km² Folkmängd  - tätort 264 716 (2016-01-01)[1]  - kommun 330 639 (2016) Befolkningstäthet  - tätort 2 909...

Koondukkili

KoondukkiliNama lainகூண்டுக்கிளிSutradaraT. R. RamannaProduserT. R. RamannaT. R. RajakumariDitulis olehVindhanPemeranM. G. RamachandranSivaji GanesanB. S. SarojaT. D. KuchalakumariPenata musikK. V. MahadevanSinematograferM. A. RehmanPenyuntingM. S. ManiPerusahaanproduksiRR PicturesDistributorRR PicturesTanggal rilis26 Agustus 1954NegaraIndiaBahasaTamil Koondukkili (Burung Beo di Sarang), juga disebut sebagai Goondukili,[1] adalah sebuah film romansa...

 

فتح القسطنطينية

فَتحُ القُسطَنطينِيَّة جزء من الحروب الإسلاميَّة البيزنطيَّة والحروب البيزنطيَّة العُثمانيَّة والحروب العُثمانيَّة في أوروپَّا والفُتوحات الإسلاميَّة خريطة عُثمانيَّة تُصوِّرُ مواقع الفرق العسكريَّة العُثمانيَّة البريَّة والبحريَّة، أثناء حصار القُسطنطينيَّة. مع�...

 

Alexander Korsakov

Russian general Portrait by Alexander Varnek Alexander Mikhailovich Rimsky-Korsakov (Russian: Алекса́ндр Миха́йлович Ри́мский-Ко́рсаков; August 24, 1753 – May 25, 1840) was a Russian general remembered as an unlucky assistant to Alexander Suvorov during his Swiss expedition of 1799–1800. Early career Korsakov entered military service as a cadet in the Preobrazhensky Life Guards Regiment, and was appointed lieutenant colonel of the Chernigov Musketeer ...

St. Jakobshalle

St. JakobshallePintu masuk utama sebelum direnovasi (2006)LokasiMünchenstein, SwissKoordinat47°32′23″N 7°37′07″E / 47.53972°N 7.61861°E / 47.53972; 7.61861Koordinat: 47°32′23″N 7°37′07″E / 47.53972°N 7.61861°E / 47.53972; 7.61861PemilikKota BaselKapasitas12.400KonstruksiMulai pembangunan19 April 1971Dibuka26 September 1976Direnovasi2015–2018[1]ArsitekGiovanni Panozzo[2]Renovation: Berrel Berrel Kräutle...

 

Molineux Stadium

Cet article est une ébauche concernant un stade de football et l’Angleterre. Vous pouvez partager vos connaissances en l’améliorant (comment ?) selon les recommandations des projets correspondants. Molineux StadiumGénéralitésAdresse Waterloo Road Wolverhampton WV1 4QRConstruction et ouvertureOuverture 2 septembre 1889Architecte Archibald LeitchRénovation 1953UtilisationClubs résidents Wolverhampton WanderersPropriétaire Wolverhampton WanderersAdministration Wolverhampton Wan...

 

The Big Wedding

2013 American romantic comedy directed by Justin Zackham The Big WeddingTheatrical release posterDirected byJustin ZackhamScreenplay byJustin ZackhamBased onMon frère se marieby Jean-Stéphane Bron and Karine SudanProduced by Justin Zackham Anthony Katagas Clay Pecorin Richard Salvatore Harry J. Ufland Starring Robert De Niro Katherine Heigl Diane Keaton Amanda Seyfried Topher Grace Susan Sarandon Robin Williams Ben Barnes Christine Ebersole David Rasche Patricia Rae Ana Ayora Cinematography...

弗农·路易斯·帕灵顿

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2023年7月8日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题，请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译，也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议，译文需在编辑摘要注明来源，或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 弗农·路易斯·帕灵顿出生1871年8月3日 奥罗拉 逝世1929年6月16日、1921年6月16日  （57歲）母校哈佛大...

 

Radič Crnojević

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Radič Crnojević – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Radič CrnojevićLord of Upper Zeta and BudvaCoat of armsDiedMay or April 25, 1396Noble familyCrnojevićSpouse(s)JelenaIssueĐurađ Đuraše...

 

بلدة أوستن (مقاطعة ميكوستا)

بلدة أوستن الإحداثيات 43°35′54″N 85°22′25″W / 43.5983°N 85.3736°W / 43.5983; -85.3736   [1] تقسيم إداري  البلد الولايات المتحدة[2]  التقسيم الأعلى مقاطعة ميكوستا  خصائص جغرافية  المساحة 35.7 ميل مربع  ارتفاع 311 متر  عدد السكان  عدد السكان 1715 (1 أبريل 2020)[3]&...

British Academy

National academy of humanities and social sciences Not to be confused with the Royal Academy or the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. The British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Philological StudiesFormation1902; 122 years ago (1902)TypeNational academyLegal statusCharityHeadquartersLondon, EnglandMembership 1,500PresidentJulia BlackWebsitethebritishacademy.ac.uk The British Academy for the Promotion of Historical, Philosophical and Phil...

 

Kerry King

American guitarist (born 1964) Kerry KingKing performing with Slayer in 2019Background informationBirth nameKerry Ray KingBorn (1964-06-03) June 3, 1964 (age 60)Los Angeles, California, U.S.GenresThrash metalOccupations Musician songwriter InstrumentGuitarYears active1981–presentLabelsReigning PhoenixMember ofSlayerWebsitekerrykingofficial.com Musical artist Kerry Ray King (born June 3, 1964)[1] is an American musician, best known for being the co-lead guitarist and songwriter ...