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385446 Manwë
	Hubble Space Telescope image of Manwë and Thorondor, taken in 2013
Discovery
Discovered by	M. W. Buie
Discovery site	Cerro Tololo Obs.
Discovery date	25 August 2003
Designations
MPC designation	(385446) Manwë
Pronunciation	[ˈmanwɛ]
Named after	Manwë; (fictional character)
Alternative designations	2003 QW111
Minor planet category	TNO; 4:7 resonance
Orbital characteristics (barycentric)
	Epoch 25 February 2023 (JD 2460000.5)
	Uncertainty parameter 4
Observation arc	18.05 yr (6,593 days)
Aphelion	48.667 AU
Perihelion	38.758 AU
Semi-major axis	43.713 AU
Eccentricity	0.11334
Orbital period (sidereal)	288.82 yr (105,492 d)
Mean anomaly	285.002°
Mean motion	0° 0m 12.285s / day
Inclination	2.667°
Longitude of ascending node	68.494°
Argument of perihelion	20.173°
Known satellites	1 (Thorondor [θɔˈrɔndɔr])
Physical characteristics
Dimensions	150 km (volume equivalent for Manwë); 108 km (Thorondor)
Mass	1.41×1018 kg (Manwë); 5×1017 kg (Thorondor)
Mean density	~0.8 g/cm3
Synodic rotation period	11.8819±0.00005 h (Manwë); 309.3 d (Thorondor)
Axial tilt	27° (relative to ecliptic); 12.5° (relative to orbit)
Geometric albedo	0.06 (Manwë); 0.09 (Thorondor)
Spectral type	B−V = 1.07±0.09; V−R = 0.61±0.06; R−I = 0.61±0.04
Absolute magnitude (H)	6.57; 7.15 (combined)

385446 Manwë ([ˈmanwɛ]), or (385446) Manwë–Thorondor ([θɔˈrɔndɔr]), is a binary resonant Kuiper belt object in a 4:7 mean-motion resonance with Neptune.^[7] It was discovered on 25 August 2003, by American astronomer Marc Buie at Cerro Tololo Observatory in northern Chile.^[2] A study of Manwë's light curve in 2019 suggests that it may be a contact binary object.^[5]

Discovery and naming

Manwë was discovered on 25 August 2003 by M. W. Buie at Cerro Tololo as a part of the Deep Ecliptic Survey.^[1] The object was named after Manwë, the fictional king of the Valar in J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth legendarium. Manwë is foremost among the great spirits who rule the world, and takes special responsibility for the air and winds. Thorondor is the Lord of Eagles in the First Age in Tolkien's writing.^[1]

Physical properties

Manwë has significant and irregular photometric variability, demonstrating that its components are not tidally locked. The surfaces of Manwë and Thorondor appear to be very red.^[6] The composition of Manwë is unknown but likely to be mostly ice, because the nominal density (with large uncertainty) is less than that of water.^[6] At least one other Kuiper belt object, (55637) 2002 UX25, has been found with a density of less than 1 g/cm³, which implies an object made mostly of ice with a low rock fraction and high porosity.^[8]

Orbit

Manwë orbits the Sun at an average distance of about 43.7 AU (6.54×10⁹ km), taking 289 years to complete a full orbit.^[4] Manwë has a low orbital inclination of 2.7 degrees. Its orbit is elongated, with an orbital eccentricity of 0.11. Due to its eccentric orbit, Manwë's distance from the Sun varies over the course of its orbit, approaching 38.8 AU at perihelion and 48.7 AU at aphelion.^[4] Manwë is in a 4:7 mean-motion orbital resonance with Neptune, meaning Manwë completes 4 orbits for every 7 orbits completed by Neptune.^[3]

Satellite

Physical characteristics

Being part of a binary system, Manwë has one known companion named Thorondor, formally designated (385446) Manwë I Thorondor. It is estimated to be about two-thirds the size of the primary, approximately 108 km (67 mi) for a volume equivalent diameter.^[5] The rotation period of Thorondor is uncertain, though a best-fit model suggests a very slow rotation period of 309.3 days.^[5] Thorondor's rotation is expected to be chaotic like Pluto's smaller moons, as a result of gravitational torquing by Manwë over the course of their eccentric mutual orbit.^[5] Thorondor's light curve has considerable photometric variability, with the relative magnitude of the two objects measured variously from 0.6–2.1 over the course of a few years.^[6] This implies that Thorondor could have a very flattened shape, akin to the larger lobe of the contact binary Kuiper belt object 486958 Arrokoth.^[5] Assuming a ellipsoid shape for Thorondor, a best-fit model for its shape suggests the aspect ratios of a/c = 7.33 and b/c = 6.67.^[5]

Orbit

The satellite's orbit has the following parameters: semi-major-axis, 6674 ± 41 km; period, 110.176 ± 0.018 days; eccentricity, 0.5632 ± 0.0070; and inclination, 25.58 ± 0.23°. The total system mass is about 1.94 × 10¹⁸ kg.^[6]

Mutual events

Manwë and Thorondor were expected to go through a period of mutual occultations and transits from 2014–2018, where one object crosses in front of the other as seen from Earth. Pluto and Charon went through a similar series of mutual events from 1985–1990. Observations of these events could allow for better estimates of the radii of the two objects and their densities, as well as possibly determining their shapes and mapping surface color and albedo features. The first event, an inferior occultation, was predicted for 2014 July 16, and they continue until 2018 October 25.^[6]^[9]

The actual observations revealed none of the four predicted occultations, likely due to error measuring orbital period of Thorondor, although photometry data gathered during the observation campaign determined that Manwë is a highly bilobate contact binary, potentially surrounded by rapidly orbiting moonlets besides Thorondor.^[5]

Stellar occultation

On 18 September 2024, Manwë occulted the magnitude 14.6 star UCAC4 445-000300. The star may have dimmed for no more than 8.1 seconds during the event, which was observable in a path extending from Japan to Asia and Africa, and ending at Gabon in Central Africa.^[10]

Exploration

The Manwë-Thorondor system has been researched for exploration, with the fastest trajectory launching on 9 April 2032, performing gravity assists at Jupiter and Neptune in 2033 and 2039 respectively, and arriving in March 2042 after only 10 years. Manwë would be 41 AU from the Sun at the time, and the spacecraft would have a flyby velocity of 20.1 km/s.^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 385446 Manwe (2003 QW111)" (2021-09-12 last obs.). Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ ^a ^b ^c "385446 Manwe (2003 QW111)". Minor Planet Center. Retrieved 16 March 2017.
^ ^a ^b Buie, Marc W. "Orbit Fit and Astrometric record for 385446". SwRI (Space Science Department). Retrieved 23 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris for 385446 Manwe (2003 QW111) at epoch JD 2460000.5". JPL Horizons On-Line Ephemeris System. Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Retrieved 6 July 2023. Solution using the Solar System Barycenter. Ephemeris Type: Elements and Center: @0)
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Rabinowitz, David L.; Benecchi, Susan D.; Grundy, William M.; Verbiscer, Anne J.; Thirouin, Audrey (November 2019). "The Complex Rotational Light Curve of (385446) Manwë–Thorondor, a Multi-Component Eclipsing System in the Kuiper Belt". arXiv:1911.08546 [astro-ph.EP].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Grundy, W.M.; Benecchi, S.D.; Porter, S.B.; Noll, K.S. (2014). "The Orbit of Transneptunian Binary Manwë and Thorondor and their Upcoming Mutual Events". Icarus. 237: 1–8. arXiv:1404.4393. Bibcode:2014Icar..237....1G. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.04.021. S2CID 55831923.
^ Johnston, Wm. Robert (20 September 2014). "(385446) Manwe and Thorondor". Asteroids with Satellites Database—Johnston's Archive. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
^ Brown, M. E. (2013). "The density of mid-sized Kuiper belt object 2002 UX25 and the formation of the dwarf planets". The Astrophysical Journal Letters. 778 (2): L34. arXiv:1311.0553. Bibcode:2013ApJ...778L..34B. doi:10.1088/2041-8205/778/2/l34. S2CID 17839077.
^ Grundy, Will. "Manwë - Thorondor Mutual Events". Retrieved 1 August 2018 – via Lowell Observatory.
^ "Asteroidal Occultation Prediction 2024". IOTA East Asia. International Occultation Timing Association. Retrieved 6 July 2023.
^ Zangari, Amanda. M.; Finley, Tiffany. J.; Stern, Sol. A.; Tapley, Mark. B. (October 2018). "Return to the Kuiper Belt: Launch Opportunities from 2025 to 2040". Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets. 56 (3): 919. arXiv:1810.07811. Bibcode:2019JSpRo..56..919Z. doi:10.2514/1.A34329. S2CID 119033012.