2016 Ecuador earthquake

2016 Ecuador earthquake
Severe damage caused by the earthquake.
2016 Ecuador earthquake is located in Ecuador
2016 Ecuador earthquake
Muisne
Muisne
Quito
Quito
Guayaquil
Guayaquil
UTC time2016-04-16 23:58:36
ISC event608556966
USGS-ANSSComCat
Local dateApril 16, 2016 (2016-04-16)
Local time18:58:37 ECT (UTC-5)
Magnitude7.8 Mw[1]
Depth20.6 km (12.8 mi)
Epicenter0°22′16″N 79°56′24″W / 0.371°N 79.940°W / 0.371; -79.940[1]
TypeThrust[1]
Areas affectedEcuador, Colombia, Peru
Max. intensityMMI VIII (Severe)[1]
Tsunami1.11 m (3.6 ft)[2]
Foreshocks4.8 Mw
Aftershocks1,034 as of 07:50 ECT (12:50 UTC) April 28[3]
Casualties676 killed, 8 missing, 27,732 injured and 6,274 severely injured[4]

The 2016 Ecuador earthquake occurred on April 16 at 18:58:37 ECT with a moment magnitude of 7.8 and a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). The very large thrust earthquake was centered approximately 27 km (17 mi) from the towns of Muisne and Pedernales in a sparsely populated part of the country, and 170 km (110 mi) from the capital Quito,[1] where it was felt strongly.[5] Regions of Manta, Pedernales and Portoviejo accounted for over 75 percent of total casualties.[6] Manta's central commercial shopping district, Tarqui, was completely destroyed.[7] There was widespread damage across Manabí Province, and structures hundreds of kilometres from the epicenter collapsed. At least 676 people were killed and 27,732 people injured.[8][9][10] President Rafael Correa declared a state of emergency; 13,500 military personnel and police officers were dispatched for recovery operations.

Geology

Ecuador lies above the destructive plate boundary where the Nazca plate is subducting beneath the South American plate. The convergence rate between the plates in Ecuador is 61 mm (2.4 in) per year. The depth, location and focal mechanism of the earthquake are all consistent with rupture along the plate interface in the form of a megathrust earthquake. A major earthquake in 1906 ruptured the plate interface for at least 400 km immediately northeast of the 2016 event.[1]

In this particular event, the plate boundary ruptured a 80 × 60 km2 area at a depth of between 15 and 44 km. The rupture failed to propagate towards the trench; ceasing about 60 km away. A maximum slip of 2.5 meters was estimated, while the average slip across the rupture was 0.7 meters.[11]

The earthquake ruptured a part of the plate boundary that had previously ruptured in another magnitude 7.8 quake in 1942.[11] The similar aftershock distribution and rupture characteristics suggest the 2016 event was a repeat of the earthquake in 1942.[12] The 1942 earthquake marked the beginning of a supercycle of earthquakes re-rupturing the entire boundary previously broken during the large 1906 event. The last earthquake in the supercycle occurred in 1979. Another earthquake in 1958 also formed part of the supercycle.[12]

Earthquake

USGS shakemap for the event

At 18:58 ECT on April 16, a 7.8 Mw earthquake struck the coast of Ecuador approximately 27 km (17 mi) south-southeast of Muisne, in the province of Esmeraldas, at a depth of 20.6 km (12.8 mi).[1] Tremors were felt in neighboring Colombia and Peru;[13] a clinic in Cali, Colombia, was evacuated as a precautionary measure.[14] A tsunami alert was issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center for Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Fiji, Panama, and Peru.[13][15] This is the largest earthquake to strike Ecuador since the 1979 Tumaco earthquake.[16] According to Mayor Gabriel Alcivar, much of the town of Pedernales, about 35 km to the south-southwest of the earthquake's epicenter, was leveled. In Guayaquil—approximately 300 km (190 mi) from the epicenter—an overpass collapsed on a car, killing the driver.[14] In Manta the control tower of the airport was severely damaged;[17] an Air Force officer was injured and the airport closed.[18] Six homes collapsed and many others lost power in the nation's capital city of Quito.[19]

The earthquake was presaged by a magnitude 4.8 foreshock eleven minutes before the main quake struck,[20] and followed by over fifty-five aftershocks in the first twenty-four hours.[21]

Casualties

Deaths by citizenship
Citizenship Deaths
 Ecuador 651[22]
 Colombia 11[23]
 Canada 4[24]
 Cuba 3[25]
 Dominican Republic 1[26]
 Italy 1[27]
 Ireland 1[25][28]
 United States 1[25]
Total 676

At least 676 people were killed and more than 16,600 others were injured in the earthquake.[8][9] It was the worst natural disaster to hit Ecuador since the 1949 Ambato earthquake.[29] Over 300 fatalities occurred in the cities of Manta and Portoviejo, both of which are located in Manabí Province.[6] President Rafael Correa stated that the reconstruction would cost "billions of dollars."[8][30]

Fatalities reported by media with time
Fatalities table

The number of fatalities was estimated as several hundred within thirty minutes of the earthquake.[31] However, the media reported the number of fatalities as significantly lower than what actually happened and than what was estimated within thirty minutes as the figure of reported fatalities with time shows. The number of injuries reported by media also remained below the ultimate count and below the correct estimate within 30 minutes by QLARM as seen in the next figure.

Numbers of injured reported by media with time
Injures table

By April 24, the fatality count had reached 654, and 8,340 had been reported as injured.[32] Estimates of fatalities are based on calculations of the damage to the built environment using the program QLARM.[33] Within minutes of an earthquake only its epicenter is known, not the extent of its rupture. The USGS shake map for this event shown on this page depicts the extent of the rupture area as a rectangle. With the length of the rupture as outlined by the aftershocks, a map of the likely mean damage by the settlement can be calculated. This map takes into account what intensities have been reported to the USGS for this earthquake. The numbers of fatalities and injured calculated theoretically, based on the damage map shown here, agrees well with the reported numbers.[32]

The extent of the rupture can sometimes be known from aftershocks during the few hours following the main shock. In that case, maps of the intensity of shaking expected in each settlement may be calculated as in the figure below at the left for the 2016 Ecuador earthquake. Based on this ground motion, the mean damage expected in each settlement is then calculated. These maps allow first responders to target heavily damaged area.

Intensity by settlements
Map of Ecuador zone
Intensity by settlements
Map of Ecuador zone

Large cities tend to have buildings more resistant to shaking than villages, therefore the damage is less for city dwellers than for villagers, on average.

In Colombia, near the city of Cali, one miner died as a result of the earthquake, becoming the only reported death outside of Ecuador.[34]

Aftermath

The collapsed overpass in Guayaquil

In response to the earthquake, a state of emergency was declared throughout the country and the national guard was mobilized to assist in rescue and relief efforts.[citation needed] Approximately 10,000 military personnel and 3,500 police officers were deployed.[16] President Rafael Correa cut his trip to Italy short in order to return to Ecuador.[14] Hydroelectric dams and oil pipelines were shut down as a precautionary measure.

On April 17 the International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated by UNITAR/UNOSAT on behalf of UN OCHA, thus providing for the charitable and humanitarian re-tasking of satellite assets.[35]

On April 20, a 6.1–6.2 magnitude aftershock struck 15 miles west of Muisne around 3:30 am, local time.[36][37] The quake had a depth of about 9 miles.[36] José Joaquín de Olmedo International Airport in Guayaquil was also closed due to communication issues.[18]

A UNICEF representative reported that the government is considering relocating "one or two" towns in the aftermath of the earthquake. There were also concerns about the Zika virus outbreak and the risk of dengue fever for people displaced by the quake.[38]

Days after the earthquake, the country experienced difficulties distributing food and water to those in need, including the over 26 thousand survivors relocated to shelters. President Correa acknowledged that the poor infrastructure of the country might be to blame.[39] The President estimated the damage at $3 billion, and has obtained credit from the World Bank, Inter-American Development Bank, and other sources, anticipated to reach a total of $2 billion; national sales tax has been raised as have income taxes on Ecuadorians.[40]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g "M7.8 – 27 km SSE of Muisne, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. April 17, 2016. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
  2. ^ "M 7.8 Earthquake and Tsunami (1.1 m) in Ecuador on 16 Apr 2016 23:58 UTC". Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System.
  3. ^ "Live: After Ecuador quake, 135 aftershocks reported". The Hindu. Associated Press and Reuters. April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  4. ^ "Six months report Ecuador: Earthquake" (PDF). ReliefWeb. November 2016.
  5. ^ Helsel, Phil (April 16, 2016). "7.8-Magnitude Earthquake Hits Near Ecuador's Coast, 28 Dead". NBC News.
  6. ^ a b "Secretaría National de Riesgos da lista actualizada de fallecidos en Manabí". El Universo. C.A. EL UNIVERSO. April 16, 2016. Archived from the original on April 24, 2016. Retrieved April 24, 2016.
  7. ^ "Tarqui, corazón comercial de Manta, tiene las luces apagadas". El COMERCIO. April 24, 2016.[permanent dead link]
  8. ^ a b c "Ecuador counts over 400 quake deaths, damage in the billions". Reuters.
  9. ^ a b "Ecuador earthquake: Death toll jumps to 272; more than 2,500 injured". CNN.
  10. ^ "Ecuador Red Cross" (PDF).
  11. ^ a b Mohammad Heidarzadeh; Satoko Murotani; Kenji Satake; Tomohiro Takagawa; Tatsuhiko Saito (2017). "Fault size and depth extent of the Ecuador earthquake (Mw 7.8) of 16 April 2016 from teleseismic and tsunami data". Geophysical Research Letters. 44 (5): 2211–2219. Bibcode:2017GeoRL..44.2211H. doi:10.1002/2017GL072545. S2CID 132506664.
  12. ^ a b Lingling Ye; Hiroo Kanamori; Jean-Philippe Avouac; Linyan Li; Kwok Fai Cheung; Thorne Lay (November 15, 2016). "The 16 April 2016, MW 7.8 (MS 7.5) Ecuador earthquake: A quasi-repeat of the 1942 MS 7.5 earthquake and partial re-rupture of the 1906 MS 8.6 Colombia–Ecuador earthquake". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 454: 248–258. Bibcode:2016E&PSL.454..248Y. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.006.
  13. ^ a b Woodyard, Chris; Solis, Steph (April 16, 2016). "77 killed, hundreds injured in Ecuador's 7.8 earthquake". USA Today. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  14. ^ a b c "Ecuador earthquake of 7.8 magnitude kills dozens". BBC News. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  15. ^ Avinesh Gopal (April 17, 2016). "Tsunami warning for Fiji". Fiji Times. Archived from the original on April 20, 2016. Retrieved April 17, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Helsel, Phil; Rudansky, Andrew; Dicasimirro, Gemma (April 16, 2016). "77 Dead After 7.8-Magnitude Earthquake Hits Near Ecuador's Coast". NBC News. Reuters. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  17. ^ "7.8 magnitude earthquake hits near Ecuador, according to USGS". Associated Press. April 16, 2016. Archived from the original on April 17, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  18. ^ a b "7.8-magnitude earthquake kills dozens in Ecuador". CBS News. Associated Press. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  19. ^ "Massive Ecuador earthquake kills at least 41". New York Post. Associated Press. April 16, 2016. Retrieved April 16, 2016.
  20. ^ "M4.8 – 21 km N of Pedernales, Ecuador". United States Geological Survey. April 17, 2016. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
  21. ^ Shankar, Sneha (April 17, 2016). "Ecuador Earthquake: Death Toll Soars, Aftershocks Reported". International Business Times. Archived from the original on April 18, 2016.
  22. ^ Menéndez Torres, Teresa (May 18, 2016). "Secretaría de Gestión de Riesgos". Gestión de Riesgos. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016. Retrieved May 19, 2016.
  23. ^ "Actualización 7:10am #ColombianosEnEcuador: 11 fallecidos, 481 solicitudes de localización (258 ubicados y 223 por ubicar)". April 20, 2016.
  24. ^ "2 more Canadians killed in Ecuador quake". CTV News. April 19, 2016.
  25. ^ a b c "Ecuador quake toll climbs over 400, damage put at billions of dollars". Reuters. April 18, 2016. Archived from the original on April 19, 2016.
  26. ^ "Ecuador quake: Millionaires to be taxed more to pay for relief". BBC News. April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  27. ^ "Italian businessman among 525 dead in Ecuador quake". The Local. April 19, 2016.
  28. ^ Moriarty, Gerry; Jackson, George (April 18, 2016). "Tributes to Irish nun killed in Ecuador earthquake". The Irish Times.
  29. ^ "Ecuador quake death toll of 350 expected to rise 'in a considerable way'". Chicago Tribune. April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  30. ^ "Ecuador quake toll rises to 413; rebuilding to cost billions". Reuters. April 18, 2016. Retrieved April 18, 2016.
  31. ^ "Near Real-Time Earthquake Loss Estimates". icesfoundation.org. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  32. ^ a b "Ecuador Quake 2016". icesfoundation.org. Retrieved May 8, 2016.
  33. ^ Wyss, Max (January 1, 2016). "QLARM summary". ICES Foundation. Retrieved May 7, 2016.
  34. ^ "Minero muere atrapado en Colombia por terremoto que sacudió Ecuador". Ecuavisa. April 19, 2016. Retrieved April 22, 2016.
  35. ^ "Latest Activation: Earthquake in Ecuador". International Charter on Space and Major Disasters. April 17, 2016. Retrieved May 6, 2016.
  36. ^ a b "Earthquake Safety and Preparedness". The Weather Channel. April 20, 2016.
  37. ^ Martinez, Ana Isabel; Cobb, Julia Symmes (April 20, 2016). "Ecuador disaster toll tops 500, big new quake shakes coast". Reuters. Retrieved April 20, 2016.
  38. ^ Ireland, Nicole (April 21, 2016). "Ecuador earthquake destruction could force relocation of towns, UNICEF says". CBC News. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
  39. ^ "Earthquake survivors in Ecuador struggle without food and basic aid". The Guardian. Reuters. April 21, 2016. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved April 29, 2016.
  40. ^ Sreenivasan, Hari (May 26, 2016). "Ecuador looks to rebuild after devastating earthquake". PBS Newshour. Retrieved July 7, 2016.

Read other articles:

Chronologies Données clés 1781 1782 1783  1784  1785 1786 1787Décennies :1750 1760 1770  1780  1790 1800 1810Siècles :XVIe XVIIe  XVIIIe  XIXe XXeMillénaires :-Ier Ier  IIe  IIIe Chronologies géographiques Afrique Afrique du Sud, Algérie, Angola, Bénin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroun, Cap-Vert, République centrafricaine, Comores, République du Congo, République démocratique du Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Égyp...

 

الوقت الإضافي هو مدة زمنية إضافية للعب في الرياضات تُضاف وتُحدد في حالة تعادل النتيجة بين المنافسين. كرة القدم في بعض مباريات كرة القدم لا يجوز أن تنتهي المباراة بالتعادل خاصة في مباريات الكأس التي لابد لها من فائز وخاسر فإذا انتهت المباراة بالتعادل بين الفريقين يُلجَأ إل�...

 

Lukas 14Sebagian Injil Lukas pada Papirus 45, yang ditulis sekitar tahun 250 M.KitabInjil LukasKategoriInjilBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian BaruUrutan dalamKitab Kristen3← pasal 13 pasal 15 → Lukas 14 (disingkat Luk 14) adalah pasal keempat belas Injil Lukas pada Perjanjian Baru dalam Alkitab Kristen. Disusun oleh Lukas, seorang Kristen yang merupakan teman seperjalanan Rasul Paulus.[1][2] Teks Naskah aslinya ditulis dalam bahasa Yunani. Sejumlah naskah tertua yan...

Tamar yang AgungთამარიRatu GeorgiaLukisan dinding Tamar di VardziaRatu GeorgiaBerkuasa27 Maret 1184 – 18 Januari 1213[1]Penobatan1178 sebagai penguasa pendamping1184 sebagai ratu penguasaPendahuluGiorgi IIIPenerusGiorgi IVInformasi pribadiKelahiran1160Kematian18 Januari 1213(usia 52–53)Puri AgaraniPemakamanTidak diketahuiWangsaBagrationiAyahGiorgi III dari GeorgiaIbuBurdukhan dari AlaniaPasanganYuri Bogolyubsky (1185–1187)Davit Soslan (1191–1207)AnakGiorgi IVRusud...

 

Part of a series onBritish law Acts of Parliament of the United Kingdom Year      1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1815 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 ...

 

Questa voce o sezione sull'argomento armi è priva o carente di note e riferimenti bibliografici puntuali. Commento: Buona bibliografia, ma se rimane lì senza essere utilizzata serve a poco: voce altamente inaffidabile, dato che non ci sono riferimenti puntuali. Sebbene vi siano una bibliografia e/o dei collegamenti esterni, manca la contestualizzazione delle fonti con note a piè di pagina o altri riferimenti precisi che indichino puntualmente la provenienza delle informazioni. Puoi m...

  لمعانٍ أخرى، طالع تاريخ العراق (توضيح). جزء من سلسلة مقالات حولتاريخ العراق ما قبل التاريخ فترة العبيد ثقافة حسونة ثقافة أم الدباغية ثقافة حلف فترة حلف-العبيد الانتقالية ثقافة سامراء (إريدو) فترة أوروك عصر جمدة نصر العصر البرونزي سومر آشور الإمبراطورية الأكدية جوتيو...

 

Голубянки Самец голубянки икар Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ПервичноротыеБез ранга:ЛиняющиеБез ранга:PanarthropodaТип:ЧленистоногиеПодтип:ТрахейнодышащиеНадкласс:ШестиногиеКласс...

 

Bridge in Lycia, TurkeyBridge near SeydikemerThe western ramp of the Bridge near KemerCoordinates36°41′36″N 29°21′43″E / 36.693333°N 29.361944°E / 36.693333; 29.361944CrossesXanthos river (Koca Çayı)LocaleNear Xanthos, Lycia, TurkeyCharacteristicsTotal length500+ mWidth4.5 mHistoryConstruction endPresumably 3rd century ADLocation The Bridge near Seydikemer was a Roman segmental arch bridge near the ancient city of Xanthos in Lycia, in modern-day southwest...

此條目可参照英語維基百科相應條目来扩充。 (2021年5月6日)若您熟悉来源语言和主题,请协助参考外语维基百科扩充条目。请勿直接提交机械翻译,也不要翻译不可靠、低品质内容。依版权协议,译文需在编辑摘要注明来源,或于讨论页顶部标记{{Translated page}}标签。 约翰斯顿环礁Kalama Atoll 美國本土外小島嶼 Johnston Atoll 旗幟颂歌:《星條旗》The Star-Spangled Banner約翰斯頓環礁�...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Canon et Piste de ski artificielle. Un canon à neige aux Sybelles. Un canon à neige ou enneigeur est un dispositif permettant de fabriquer de la neige mécaniquement à partir d'eau et d'air, le tout à basses températures (0 °C et moins). Le principe est de projeter un mélange d'air comprimé et d'eau par temps suffisamment froid. Un nivoculteur ou snowmaker est un employé qui assure la conduite et la surveillance de ces systèmes. La neige ainsi...

 

Raad van StateTempat Sidang Raad van State Istana Kneuterdijk, Den HaagDidirikan1 Oktober 1531LokasiDen Haag, BelandaDisahkan olehKonstitusi BelandaSitus webwww.raadvanstate.nlPresidenSaat iniWillem-AlexanderMulai menjabat30 April 2013Wakil PresidenSaat iniThom de GraafMulai menjabat1 November 2018 Raad van State adalah badan penasihat kerajaan Belanda yang bertugas memberikan nasihat dan saran terhadap pemerintah dan Dewan Negara Belanda. Raad van State terdiri atas para anggota keluarga ker...

此条目序言章节没有充分总结全文内容要点。 (2019年3月21日)请考虑扩充序言,清晰概述条目所有重點。请在条目的讨论页讨论此问题。 哈萨克斯坦總統哈薩克總統旗現任Қасым-Жомарт Кемелұлы Тоқаев卡瑟姆若马尔特·托卡耶夫自2019年3月20日在任任期7年首任努尔苏丹·纳扎尔巴耶夫设立1990年4月24日(哈薩克蘇維埃社會主義共和國總統) 哈萨克斯坦 哈萨克斯坦政府...

 

فيكتور بونيفاس   معلومات شخصية الميلاد 23 ديسمبر 2000 (العمر 23 سنة)اكوري  الطول 1.93 م (6 قدم 4 بوصة) مركز اللعب مهاجم الجنسية نيجيريا  معلومات النادي النادي الحالي باير 04 ليفركوزن الرقم 22 مسيرة الشباب سنوات فريق Real Sapphire F.C. [الإنجليزية]‏ المسيرة الاحترافية1 سن�...

 

この記事には参考文献や外部リンクの一覧が含まれていますが、脚注による参照が不十分であるため、情報源が依然不明確です。適切な位置に脚注を追加して、記事の信頼性向上にご協力ください。(2020年5月) この記事で示されている出典について、該当する記述が具体的にその文献の何ページあるいはどの章節にあるのか、特定が求められています。ご存知の方は�...

This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: Messed Up Kids – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2014 EP by Jake BuggMessed Up KidsEP by Jake BuggReleased12 May 2014Recorded2013 at Shangri-La, Malibu, California, U.S.GenreIndie rock, indie folkLength12:55LabelVirgin EMIProduce...

 

Russian icebreaker Murmansk under construction in Helsinki, Finland, in June 2015 History Russia NameMurmansk (Мyрманск) NamesakeMurmansk OwnerRosmorport[1] Port of registrySaint Petersburg[2] Ordered 23 February 2012 (Vyborg Shipyard)[5] 18 December 2012 (Arctech Helsinki Shipyard)[6] BuilderArctech Helsinki Shipyard (Helsinki, Finland)[9] Cost About RUB 4 billion[8] About 100 million euro[9] Yard number509[2] Laid down26...

 

For other uses, see Crosby (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Crosby, Merseyside – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Town in EnglandCrosbyTownCrown Buildings, CrosbyCrosbyLocation within MerseysidePopulation5...

Town in Connecticut, US Town in Connecticut, United StatesNorth Haven, ConnecticutTownTown of North HavenSt. John's Episcopal Church, built in 1834 FlagSeal New Haven County and Connecticut South Central Connecticut Planning Region and ConnecticutShow North HavenShow ConnecticutShow the United StatesCoordinates: 41°22′54″N 72°51′30″W / 41.38167°N 72.85833°W / 41.38167; -72.85833Country United StatesU.S. state ConnecticutCountyNew HavenRe...

 

Pour les autres membres de la famille, voir Famille de L'Aubespine. Jean de L'Aubespine Biographie Naissance Vers 1558 Père Gilles de L'Aubespine (d) Décès 23 février 1596 Orléans Évêque de l'Église catholique Ordination épiscopale 1er mars 1584 Évêque d'Orléans 16 mars 1588 – 23 février 1596 Germain Vaillant de Guelis Gabriel de L'Aubespine Évêque de Limoges 22 août 1583 – 1588 Sébastien de L'Aubespine Henri de La Marthonie (en) Notice sur www.catholic-hierarchy.org mod...