2009 swine flu pandemic in Argentina

Main articles: 2009 flu pandemic and 2009 flu pandemic by country
2009 flu pandemic in Argentina
  Confirmed cases
  Deaths confirmed
  +1 cases
  +50 cases
  +10 cases
  +100 cases
  1+ death
  50+ deaths
  10+ deaths
  100+ deaths
DiseaseSwine influenza
Virus strainH1N1
First outbreakfrom Mexico DF
Arrival date29 June 2009
Confirmed cases12,010[1]
Deaths
626[1]
Total ILI cases1,479,988[1]
Government website
H1N1 at the Ministry of Health website

The influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (initially known as swine influenza virus or as new flu, and also locally known as gripe A, gripe porcina, and influenza porcina) arrived in Argentina in late April 2009, through air traffic contact with endemic areas, especially Mexico and the United States. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Argentine health authorities expressed their concern from the beginning of the outbreak, that the imminent arrival of the southern winter could cause "more serious" effects in the southern hemisphere than those caused in Mexico,[2][3] and could lead to a rebound of the epidemic around the world. The flu or influenza is mainly a seasonal disease that becomes most prevalent in winter.[4]

The first infection was confirmed on May 7 in a man who had come from Mexico City and had entered the country without symptoms on April 24. The second case was detected on May 22. Towards the end of May infection started in some schools in the northern community of the City of Buenos Aires and its suburbs, the main part of the country affected by the epidemic.

On June 15 the first death was announced: a three-month-old baby in the Greater Buenos Aires area.[5] In the second half of June, coinciding with the onset of winter, the virus was widely transmitted in Buenos Aires and spread to other parts of the country, especially the Province of Santa Fe, with its center in the city of Rosario.

On June 29, the Government decided to close schools throughout the month of July, a measure which affected 11 million students.[6] Pregnant women and other categories at risk were also dispensed from working. The measures taken by the authorities were primarily targeted to limit contagion during the winter months until the start of spring.[7]

The peak of infection lasted from the end of June until the beginning of July, increasing normal hospital demand fivefold and causing the collapse of the systems organizing hospital wards, home doctors and work place doctors.[8] The most affected area was Greater Buenos Aires, home to some 12 million people. It was estimated that up to 10% of the population of that region (approximately 1,200,000 people) could be affected by the pandemic of influenza A.[9]

In Argentina, seasonal flu outbreaks kill about 4,000 people each year, equivalent to a rate of 10 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants.[10] The contingency plan developed in 2006 to face a possible influenza pandemic estimated that the dead could reach 13,000 in the event of a moderate rate of infection (15%) and 30,000 in the event of a serious infection rate (35%).[11]

Timeline

April

April 26: The Ministry of Health issued an Epidemic Alert order asking airlines to report passengers with influenza symptoms arriving from Mexico and United States. The government also stepped up safety checks, and thermal scanners were used in airports to detect passengers running fevers.[12]

April 28: The Argentine government suspended all flights originating in Mexico until May 15 as a precautionary measure.[13] The first flight coming from Mexico arrived at Ezeiza International Airport on May 20.[citation needed]

May

May 1: The Argentine government sent charter flights to Mexico to pick up all Argentine tourists abroad who wished to return.[citation needed]

May 7: The first case of Influenza A (H1N1) was confirmed in the country, a tourist who had recently returned from Mexico. This man was from Puerto Madryn, Chubut Province.[14]

May 22: Health Authorities confirmed the second case, a woman who had arrived from the United States about 20 days before.[15]

June

June 25: A case of human-to-swine transmission was discovered in Buenos Aires province. The hog farm where it occurred was interdicted. This was the second known case of reverse-zoonosis in the world.[16]

June 28: Due to the ongoing legislative elections and the possible resignation of the Health Minister, Graciela Ocaña, reports of confirmed cases and deaths were suspended.[citation needed]

June 29: Argentina's Health Minister, Graciela Ocaña, announced her resignation due to some political instability in the country and stated that the current government did not support her on some projects and plans she recommended for the betterment of the country. The Provinces of Santa Fe (after confirming the first two deaths), San Luis (with 5 confirmed cases and more than 30 suspected cases) and Santiago del Estero (which on the same day confirmed 12 cases of swine flu) each decided to suspend all classes of elementary, primary and secondary schools, and recommended that the universities adopt the same procedure.[citation needed]

June 30: The government of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires alongside the government of the Buenos Aires province, decreed a Health Emergency, though public services continued their operations. Winter holidays for students had started two weeks before.[17]

July

July 2: The newly appointed Health Minister Juan Luis Manzur estimated the number of affected people to be as high as 100,000, as well as 44 confirmed deaths.[18]

July 14: The number of officially recognised cases skyrocketed, with 137 deaths,[19] making the death toll in Argentina the second highest in the world, only behind the United States and surpassing confirmed cases in Mexico.

July 28: Impact on health services diminished significantly according to various specialists, though the death toll continued to increase, partly because of the delay in confirming previous fatalities. There had been no official report by the national Health Ministry since July 14.[citation needed]

July 30: Official reports of confirmed deaths from the provinces put the death toll around 260, while Critica newspaper[20] published an interview with Jorge Yabkowski, president of the Sindical Federation of Health Professionals of Argentina (Fesprosa), giving an estimate death toll from H1N1 flu of above 400 (while USA was at 340), based on the false death count in Buenos Aires, where many patients may have "entered the hospitals almost dead and were not tested for H1N1".[citation needed]

August

August 3: The students returned to schools in all except 3 provinces, while awaiting a possible second wave. The estimated cumulative number of H1N1 cases was more than 400,000 Argentinians.[21]

August 5: A new report was released by the ministry of health,[22] showing 762,711 ILI cases up to Aug 1, 2009, of which more than 700,000 were of the A (H1N1) swine flu type.[23] Only 47% of the 337 confirmed H1N1 flu deaths had a history of chronic disease or any other risk factor. Additionally, 402 deaths were in the process of being confirmed, whereas the number of cases began to decrease in 18 of the 24 provinces.[citation needed]

August 14: Further decrease in activity levels. Official death count: 404.[24]

August 24: Indicators showed a decreasing activity tendency, while intensity was still high. The impact on health services returned to low, and most provinces had no recent deaths. The official death count was 439.[25]

August 29: Week 32 saw no further decrease in new ILI cases, reaching 818,031 cumulative cases. Confirmed deaths: 465, deaths under study: 349.[26]

September

September 7: ILI cases reported up to week 33: 1,054,707. Cumulative data up to week 32: 8,384 H1N1 lab-confirmed cases, 512 deaths (+196 under study), respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization: 8,962.[27]

September 12: Week 35 national report stated that up to week 34 there were 8,851 (+467) total lab-confirmed cases, with 514 (+2) confirmed deaths among them and 196 (+0) additional deaths under study (no provinces specified). The cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization were 9,480 (+518), and the cumulative ILI cases reported were 1,060,285 (+5,578).[28]

September 26: There was no official report for week 36. Week 37 national report: 9,036 (+185) total lab-confirmed cases; 538 (+24) confirmed deaths; 252 (+56) additional deaths under study. Cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization: 10,306 (+826); cumulative ILI cases reported: 1,098,834 (+38,549).[29]

October

October 2: Week 38 national report: 9,049 (+13) total lab-confirmed cases; 539 (+1) confirmed deaths; 254 (+2) additional deaths under study. Cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization: 10,773 (+467); cumulative ILI cases reported: 1,151,655 (+52,821).[30]

October 10: Week 39 national report: 9,119 (+70) total lab-confirmed cases; 580 (+41) confirmed deaths; 247 (−7) additional deaths under study. Notably, the date of decease of last confirmed death is August 20. Cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization: 11,086 (+313); cumulative ILI cases reported: 1,163,433 (+11,778).[31]

October 24: Week 40 national report: 9,196 (+77) total lab-confirmed cases; 585 (+5) confirmed deaths; 247 (+0) additional deaths under study. Last confirmed death: September 5. Cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization: 11,689 (+603); cumulative ILI cases reported: 1,187,540 (+24,107).[32]

November

November 1: Week 42 national report: 10,209 (+1,013) total lab-confirmed cases; 593 (+8) confirmed deaths; 248 (+1) additional deaths under study. Last confirmed death: September 12. Cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization: 12,139 (+450); cumulative ILI cases reported: 1,219,949 (+32,409).[33]

Timeline Summary

2009 A (H1N1) Flu Outbreak and Pandemic Milestones in Argentina
May 7 First case confirmed in Chubut.
May 22 First case confirmed in Buenos Aires province.
May 23 First case confirmed in the City of Buenos Aires.
May 24 Community outbreaks confirmed.
May 30 First case confirmed in Neuquen.
June 1 First case confirmed in Santa Fe.
June 11 First case confirmed in Misiones.
June 12 First case confirmed in Córdoba.
June 14 First case confirmed in Tierra del Fuego.
June 15 First death confirmed in Buenos Aires province.
June 16 First death confirmed in the City of Buenos Aires.
June 17 First case confirmed in Chaco.
June 18 First case confirmed in Tucuman.
June 19 First case confirmed in Santa Cruz.
June 20 First case confirmed in San Juan.
June 21 First case confirmed in San Luis.
First case confirmed in Salta.
First case confirmed in La Pampa.
June 22 First case confirmed in Jujuy.
First case confirmed in Rio Negro.
First case confirmed in Mendoza.
Characterization of the genome of the virus.
June 23 First case confirmed in Corrientes.
First case confirmed in Entre Rios.
First case confirmed in Formosa.
June 24 First death confirmed in Misiones.
June 26 Second known cases of reverse zoonosis in the world.
June 27 First death confirmed in Santa Fe.
June 29 First case confirmed in Santiago del Estero.
June 30 First case confirmed in Catamarca.
July 1 First death confirmed in Corrientes.
July 4 First case confirmed in La Rioja.
July 5 First death confirmed in Córdoba.
July 14 First death confirmed in La Pampa.
July 21 First death confirmed in Mendoza.
July 24 First death confirmed in San Luis.
First death confirmed in Santiago del Estero.
August 1 First death confirmed in Tucuman.

Confirmed cases and deaths by province

Confirmed cases and deaths by province
Provinces National Health Ministry Provinces / news reports Source
Confirmed Cases Deaths Confirmed Cases Deaths Date / Comment References
9,196[34] 585[34] 11,459 678 Sum of reports
Buenos Aires 2,888 207 2,888 207 Oct 23, PAHO [34]
City of Buenos Aires 3,529 196 3,529 196 Oct 23, PAHO [34]
Santa Fe 572 83 760 89 Jul 19/Aug 31 [35][36]
Córdoba 492 26 1,327 40 Aug 1/15, news [37][38]
Misiones 38 3 195 23 Sep 9, Prov. MH [39]
Rio Negro 129 10 256 21 Aug 21, news [40]
Neuquén 219 11 271 13 Aug 16, HSN [41]
Corrientes 129 8 179 13 Aug 27, news [42]
Entre Ríos 149 8 199 12 Aug 30, news [43]
Santa Cruz 83 7 253 11 Aug 9, news [44]
Mendoza 119 6 150 10 Aug 18, news [45]
San Luis 61 5 61 8 Sep 9, news [46]
Santiago del Estero 39 3 110 6 Jul 27/31, news [47][48]
San Juan 37 2 41 5 Aug 24, news [49]
Salta 91 1 91 5 Aug 6, news [50]
Tucumán 50 1 50 5 Aug 11, news [51]
La Pampa 139 4 139 4 Aug 5, MSAR
Chubut 80 2 170 3 Sep 10, Prov. MH [52]
Formosa 80 1 129 3 Aug 25, news [53]
Chaco 36 0 157 2 Aug 7, news [54]
Jujuy 22 1 259 1 Aug 10, news [55]
Catamarca 3 0 3 1 Aug 27, news [56]
Tierra del Fuego 187 0 187 0 Aug 12, PAHO
La Rioja 24 0 55 0 Aug 25, news [57]
Latest national report, Oct 29, 2009 (no provinces specified): 10,209 (+1,013) total lab-confirmed cases; 593 (+8) confirmed deaths; 248 (+1) additional deaths under study. Cumulative respiratory disease cases requiring hospitalization 12,139 (+450); cumulative ILI cases reported: 1,219,949 (+32,409).

Confirmed cases and deaths by date

References

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Un semiconductor es un elemento que se comporta o bien como un conductor o bien como un aislante dependiendo de diversos factores, por ejemplo: el campo eléctrico o magnético, la presión, la radiación que le incide, o la temperatura del ambiente en el que se encuentre.[1]​ Los elementos químicos semiconductores de la tabla periódica se indican en la tabla adjunta. Silicio purificado, un semiconductor Elemento Grupo Electrones de la última capa Cd 12 2 Al, Ga, B, In 13 3 Si, C, Ge...

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