Ο Δεξιός Τομέας (ουκρανικά: Правий сектор) είναι Ουκρανικό πολιτικό κόμμα και κίνημα. Ξεκίνησε το Νοέμβριο του 2013 ως παραστρατιωτική συνομοσπονδία αρκετών εθνικιστικών οργανώσεων στην εξέγερση του Euromaidan στο Κίεβο, όπου ταραχοποιοί του συμμετείχαν σε οδομαχίες και συγκρούσεις με την αστυνομία.[8][9] Ο συνασπισμός έγινε πολιτικό κόμμα στις 22 Μαρτίου 2014, οπότε ισχυρίστηκε ότι διέθετε περίπου 10.000 μέλη.[10][11]
Ονομασία
Η ονομασία της οργάνωσης στα ουκρανικά είναι Правий сектор, το οποίο μπορεί να μεταγραφεί ως Πράβι Σέκτορ και να μεταφραστεί ως Δεξιός Τομέας. (Τα μέσα μαζικής ενημέρωσης συχνά το μεταγράφουν ως Πράβι Σέκτορ ή Πράβιι Σέκτορ.) Η ονομασία προέρχεται από την προσπάθεια της ομάδας να προστατεύσει τη δεξιά παράταξη των διαδηλωτών του Euromaidan κατά τη διάρκεια των διαμαρτυριών.[12]
Συστατικές ομάδες
Οι ακαδημαϊκές πηγές και οι πηγές των μέσων ενημέρωσης περιέγραψαν μερικές από τις συστατικές ομάδες του Δεξιού Τομέα, ως εθνικιστικές,[13][14] υπερεθνικιστικές,[15][16] νεοφασιστικές,[17] νεοναζιστικές,[15][18] ακροδεξιές,[19][20] υπερσυντηρητικές,[21] ή παραστρατιωτικές. Μια πλειονότητα ή πλειοψηφία των μελών του Δεξιού Τομέα ανήκουν σε οπαδούς ποδοσφαίρου[22][23][24] ή δεν έχουν συγκεκριμένη υπαγωγή.
↑ 3,03,1Nordsieck, Wolfram (2014). «Ukraine». Parties and Elections in Europe. Αρχειοθετήθηκε από το πρωτότυπο στις 12 Ιουνίου 2018. Ανακτήθηκε στις 6 Σεπτεμβρίου 2018.
↑«How did Odessa's fire happen?». BBC News. 4 Μαΐου 2014. Hardline fans – known as 'ultras' – of both sides agreed to hold a joint march to support a united Ukraine.… Some were veteran supporters of Kiev's Maidan protest movement – the Maidan Self Defence Forces – and/or part of the right-wing Pravy Sektor (Rights Sector).
↑Pastushenko, Andriy (10 Απριλίου 2014). Про початок Майдану і Правого Сектору(video) (Speech). Press conference. Maidan Press Center, Kiev. It began to rain, and you understand that the police were then panicking at even a single move toward setting up tents. The girls tried to unwrap the usual oilcloth, and the police immediately tore it... Volodya Stretovych, speaking from the podium, then shouted through the microphone: 'Nationalist-guys, hold the right sector, that protects the right side!'
↑Ishchenko, Volodymyr (2011). «Fighting Fences vs Fighting Monuments: Politics of Memory and Protest Mobilization in Ukraine». Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe19 (1-2). «...rightist non-partisan groups including overtly racist "autonomous nationalists" (http://reactor.org.ua) and the neo-Nazi "Patriot of Ukraine" (http://www.patriotukr.org.ua/). For the far right sector politics of memory actions comprised 29.2% of all protest actions with their participation, this was larger than the shares of social-economic, political struggle, and civic rights protest issues (Table 7)… After the notorious death of Maksym Chaika in a fight with antifascists in Odessa in April 2009, Yushchenko unambiguously supported the far right interpretation of the accident claiming the victim to be "an activist of a patriotic civic association" consciously murdered by "pro-Russia militants" ignoring Chaika's connections with rightist football hooligans and his membership in the "SICH" ("Glory and Honor") organization, a participant in the Social-Nationalist Assembly (http://sna.in.ua/) together with the neo-Nazi group "'Patriots of Ukraine.'"».
↑Shekhovstov, Anton (2013). «17: Para-Militarism to Radical Right-Wing Populism: The Rise of the Ukrainian Far-Right Party Svoboda.». Στο: Wodak, επιμ. Right-Wing Populism in Europe. Bloomsbury Academic. Svoboda also seems to benefit from the increasing popularity of extreme-right youth movements and organizations like the Social-National Assembly (SNA), 'Patriot of Ukraine' and Autonomous Resistance, whose aim is to create 'a uniracial and uninational society'. The activities of these groups are not limited to physical or symbolic violence against ethnic and social minorities, as they also take an active part in numerous social campaigns - generally along with representatives of Svoboda - ranging from mass protests against price rises to leafleting against alcohol and drug use. Needless to say, members of these extreme-right movements are often members of Tyahnybok's party. Interestingly, 'street combat youth movements' like the SNA no longer focus on ethnic issues: in contrast to the older Ukrainian far right, the new groups are, first and foremost, racist movements.
↑Katchanovski, Ivan (20 Ιουλίου 2014). «What do citizens of Ukraine actually think about secession?». WashingtonPost.com. D.C. In trying to solve the conflict in Donbas, the Ukrainian government continues to rely on … special police battalions formed with the involvement of far-right parties and organizations, such as the Right Sector and the Social National Assembly.
↑Andreas Umland; Anton Shekhovtsov (July 2014). «Ukraine's Radical Right». Journal of Democracy25 (3): 59–60. doi:10.1353/jod.2014.0051. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.3.shekhovtsov.html. Ανακτήθηκε στις 21 July 2014. «Along with Svoboda, the other far-right movement that was a prominent presence on the Maidan was the more diverse, less studied, and now notorious fringe organization that calls itself Pravy Sektor (Right Sector)…. That alliance came into being in late November 2013 as a loose collection of extraparliamentary minigroups from an ultraconservative and partly neo-Nazi fringe. They had names such as the Stepan Bandera All-Ukrainian Organization "Trident" (a moniker meant to combine the memory of a controversial nationalist leader who died in 1959 with the three-pronged heraldic symbol of Ukraine), the Ukrainian National Assembly, the Social-National Assembly, and White Hammer. Their purpose in banding together was to fight Yanukovych's regime by force.».[νεκρός σύνδεσμος]
↑«Profile: Ukraine's 'Right Sector' movement». BBC News. 21 Ιανουαρίου 2014. Ανακτήθηκε στις 22 Ιουλίου 2016. The backbone of the organisation in Kiev is formed by Russian-speaking football fans sharing nationalist views [...] Unlike other protesters [...] most of the Right Sector activists do not support the idea of joining the EU, which they consider to be an oppressor of European nations.
↑G.C. (22 Ιανουαρίου 2014). «Ukraine: A new and dark chapter». Economist. It was not long after that that young men associated with the Right Sector (Pravyy Sektor), a motley confederation of football hooligans and nationalist groups involved in the pro-European protests, took matters into their own hands.
↑Way, Lucan (July 2014). «Civil Society and Democratization». Journal of Democracy25 (3). http://muse.jhu.edu.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/journals/journal_of_democracy/v025/25.3.way.html#back. «It was only after the start of the protests that various small parties and factions of the far right joined to form Right Sector, which came to the fore in the second half of January, when protests turned violent… Democracy is most directly undermined by the numerous associations promoting violence that emerged during the protests. Such associations include the Right Sector's paramilitary formations and the "heavenly hundreds" that arose to fight the police and the pro-Russian titushki or vigilante groups created to harass protesters. Also problematic are the "ultras," groups of hardcore soccer fans that began providing protection for anti-Yanukovych protesters in January. By promoting vigilante violence outside state control, such groups directly threaten democratic development. They facilitate state breakdown and bloody patterns of aggression and retribution, making civil war much more likely.».
