Toprovdyr

Pattedyret homo sapiens er et omnivor toprovdyr jorden rundt.[1]
En løve er et pattedyr og er et af Afrikas toprovdyr.[2]
Deltakrokodillen er det største levende krybdyr[3] og det dominerende toprovdyr i dets område.[4]
Den hvide haj (nederst) blev tidligere klassificeret som havets toprovdyr; men det er blevet opdaget spækhuggeren (øverst) (også) spiser hvide hajer. Derfor er spækhuggeren havets toprovdyr.
Tyrannosaurus rex har været et toprovdyr på land i den sene kridttid.
Allosaurus har været et toprovdyr på land i juratiden.
Mosasaurer har været toprovdyr i havet i den sene kridttid.

Et toprovdyr - også kaldet superrovdyr, topkonsument (yderst sjældent kaldet følgende angliseringer apexprædator[kilde mangler] eller topprædator[kilde mangler]), er et rovdyr, der udgør det øverste led af en fødekæde.[5] Toprovdyr defineres som regel i termer af trofiske dynamikker, dvs. toprovdyr udgør de højeste trofiske niveauer og spiller en afgørende rolle i deres økosystemer. Fødekæder er ofte langt kortere på landjorden, med deres spids som regel begrænset til det tredje trofiske niveau – fx ulve eller store kattedyr der primært jager store planteædere. Toprovdyr behøver ikke at være udelukkende kødædere: mennesker[1] er fx både toprovdyr og altædende.[6]

Rolle i økosystemer

Toprovdyr spiller en afgørende rolle for de økosystemer, som de opholder sig i.[7] Som eksempler kan nævnes: Havoddere langs kysterne jager og begrænser dermed bestanden af søpindsvin, som ellers ville overspise den tang, som de mindre havdyr og insekter kan leve i. Pumaens effekt på hjortevildtets bestande og adfærdsmønstre betyder at skove kan vokse op, i stedet for at nye skud på træer, buske og planter ville blive græsset ned. Det betyder igen bæredygtige levesteder for fugle og insekter.

Den samlede betydning af toprovdyrenes rolle i de økosystemer, hvor de opholder sig, er vidtrækkende.[7] Uden toprovdyrene formindskes antallet af dyr og planter, mens skovene gradvist forsvinder og efterlader et mere ørkenlignende landskab.

Faldende bestand

Mange af de store rovdyr er truet af udryddelse eller er gået stærkt tilbage. Løver i Vestafrika befinder sig i dag på 1% af deres oprindelige område.[8] Mange steder i verden er antallet af toprovdyr faldet med mere end 90 procent i løbet af de seneste 100 år.[9] Toprovdyrenes faldende bestand hænger sammen med menneskers langvarige forfølgelse, udryddelse af levegrundlag og levesteder såvel som trofæ-, medicin- og pelsjagt.

Se også

Noter

  1. ^ a b Archer, Michael: "Slime Monsters Will Be Human Too" in Nature Australia vol. 22 (1989).
  2. ^ Ordiz, Andrés; Bischof, Richard; Swenson, Jon E. (2013). "Saving large carnivores, but losing the apex predator?". Biological Conservation. 168: 128-133. doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2013.09.024.
  3. ^ "Saltwater Crocodile." Arkiveret 2013-09-06 hos Wayback Machine National Geographic. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  4. ^ Whiting, Frances. "Terri fights to halt croc eggs harvest." Arkiveret 2010-10-28 hos Wayback Machine Australia Zoo. 2007-06-11. Retrieved 2010-01-25.
  5. ^ "apex predator". PBS. Arkiveret fra originalen 2009-07-22. Hentet 2010-01-25. Citat: "...apex predator: a species that kills and eats other animals, but has virtually no predators of its own..."
  6. ^ Haenel H (1989). "Phylogenesis and nutrition". Nahrung 33 (9): 867–87. PMID 2697806.
  7. ^ a b and Ecological Effects of the World’s Largest Carnivores, Science
  8. ^ "Press Release: Lions are Critically Endangered in West Africa | Panthera". Arkiveret fra originalen 2. april 2015. Hentet 2. marts 2015.
  9. ^ "Der er koldt på toppen af fødekæden | Illustreret Videnskab". Arkiveret fra originalen 2. april 2015. Hentet 2. marts 2015.

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