Calendr Coligny

Calendr Coligny

Math o gyfrwng	calendr Celtaidd, darganfyddiad archaeolegol, lunisolar calendar, arysgrif
Deunydd	efydd
Dyddiad darganfod	1897
Iaith	Galeg
Dechrau/Sefydlu	1 g
Lleoliad	Lugdunum Musée et Théâtres

System ysgrifennu	yr wyddor Ladin
Hyd	1.48 metr
Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia

Y calendr llawn wedi gosod y rhannau at ei gilydd

Mae Calendr Coligny yn galendr yn yr iaith Aleg a ddarganfuwyd yn Coligny, Ain, gerllaw Lyon yn Ffrainc yn 1897.

Yn wreiddiol roedd y calendr yn dabled efydd 1.48m o led a 0.9m o uchder. Cafwyd hyd iddo mewn 73 darn. Ysgrifennwyd y calendr mewn llythrennau Lladin, a chredir ei fod yn dyddio o'r 2g. Mae 16 colofn gyda 62 mis wedi eu rhannu dros bum mlynedd.

Credai'r archaeolegydd Ffrengig J. Monard ei fod wedi ei gynhyrchu gan Dderwyddon oedd yn dymuno cadw eu traddodiad hwy o gadw amser ar adeg pan oedd y calendr Juliaidd yn cael ei ddefnyddio yn yr Ymerodraeth Rufeinig. Fodd bynnag mae'r calendr o ran ffurf yn debyg i'r calendrau peg cyhoeddus (parapegmata) a geir yn y byd Groegaidd a Rhufeinig.

Cafwyd hyd i galendr tebyg yn Villards d'Heria, ond dim ond 8 darn oedd ar gael o hwn. Ar sail y ddau yma, credir bod y calendr Celtaidd yn ymgais i gymhathu'r flwyddyn yn ôl yr haul a'r flwyddyn yn ôl y lleuad. Roedd y misoedd yn dilyn y lleuad, ond mae ysgolheigion yn anghytuno ai'r lleuad newydd neu'r lleuad llawn oedd yn dynodi dechrau mis. Roedd blwyddyn yn cynnwys 354 neu 355 diwrnod, ac yn dechrau gyda Samonios. Gall hyn gyfateb i Samhain yn Iwerddon; os felly byddai'r flwyddyn yn dechrau yn yr hydref. Ar y llaw arall mae Samon yn Galeg yn golygu "haf".

Roedd y misoedd wedi eu rhannu’n yn ddau hanner, gyda dechrau'r ail hanner yn cael ei nodi gan y term Atenoux. Yr uned sylfaenol felly yw pythefnos. Mae'r hanner cyntaf bob amser yn 15 diwrnod, a'r ail hanner yn 14 neu 15 diwrnod bob yn ail fis. Nodir misoedd o 30 diwrnod fel Mat(os), lwcus (cymharer "mad" yn Gymraeg; da), tra'r oedd misoedd o 29 diwrnod wedi eu nodi fel Anm(atos), anlwcus (cymharer "anfad").

Misoedd

Samonios
Duman(n)(ios)
Riuros
Anagantios
Ogron(n)(i)(os)
Cutios
Giamonios
Simiuisonna
Equos
Elembiu
Aedrini(os)
Cantlos

Llyfryddiaeth

Duval, Paul-Marie and Pinault, Georges (eds) (1986). Receuil des Inscriptions Gauloises (R.I.G.), Vol. 3: Les calendriers du Coligny (73 fragments) et Villards d'Heria (8 fragments). Paris, Editions du CNRS.
Hitz, Hans-Rudolf (1991). Der gallo-lateinische Mond- und Sonnen-Kalender von Coligny.
Joyce, P.W. (2000). "Old Celtic Romances". The pursuit of the Giolla Dacker and his horse. Wordsworth Editions Limited, Llundain.
Laine-Kerjean, C. (1943). "Le Calendrier Celtique". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, 23, pp. 249–84.
McCluskey, Stephen C. (1990). "The Solar Year in the Calendar of Coligny". Études celtiques, 27, pp. 163–74.
Mac Neill, Eóin (1928). "On the notation and chronology of the Calendar of Coligny". Ériu, X, pp. 1–67.
Monard, Joseph (1996). About the Coligny Calendar. (cyhoeddwyd yn breifat)
Monard, Joseph (1996). Découpage saisonnier de l'année celtique. (cyhoeddwyd yn breifat)
Monard, Joseph (1999). Histoire du calendrier gaulois : le calendrier de Coligny. Paris, Burillier. ISBN 2-912616-01-8
Olmsted, Garrett (1992). The Gaulish calendar: a reconstruction from the bronze fragments from Coligny, with an analysis of its function as a highly accurate lunar-solar predictor, as well as an explanation of its terminology and development. Bonn: R. Habelt. ISBN 3-7749-2530-5
Parisot, Jean-Paul (1985). "Les Phases de la Lune et les Saisons dans le Calendrier de Coligny". Studies Indo-Européennes, 13, tt. 1-18.
Pinault, J. (1951). "Notes sur le vocabulaire gaulois, I. Les noms des mois du Calendrier de Coligny". Ogam, XIII, tt. 143-154
Rhys, John (1909). "The Coligny Calendar". Proceedings of the British Academy, 4, tt. 207-318.
Thurneysen, Rudolf (1899). "Der Kalendar von Coligny". Zeitschrift für celtische Philologie, 2, tt. 523-544

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