Tolmanův úhel

Tolmanův úhel (značka θ) v koordinační chemii udává intenzitu sterických efektů ligandu v komplexech přechodných kovů. Je definován jako prostorový úhel vymezený atomem kovu a krajními body van der Waalsových sfér atomů ligandu na průměru kuželu (viz obrázek). Nejčastěji se uvádí u terciárních fosfinových ligandů, ovšem lze jej určit u jakéhokoliv ligandu. Zavedl jej Chadwick A. Tolman během svého výzkumu v DuPontu. Původně jej vyvinul pro komplexy niklu s fosfinovými ligandy.[1][2][3]

Asymetrické ligandy

Tolmanův úhel se nejsnadněji znázorňuje u symetrických ligandů, jako je PR3. Byla však vytvořena definice i pro asymetrické ligandy, například PRR′R″ a difosfiny. V takovém případě se zprůměrují „poloúhly“ obou substituentů a získaný průměr se vynásobí dvěma. je pak přibližně roven chelatačnímu úhlu; u difosfinů s methylenovým, ethylenovým a propylenovým hlavním řetězcem jde postupně o 74°, 85° a 90°. U těchto komplexů je často snazší spočítat Manzův než Tolmanův úhel.[4]

Tolmanovy úhly běžných fosfinových ligandů
Ligand Úhel (°)
PH3 87[1]
PF3 104[1]
P(OCH3)3 107[1]
dmpe 107
depe 115
P(CH3)3 118[1]
dppm 121
dppe 125
dppp 127
P(CH2CH3)3 132[1]
dcpe 142
P(C6H5)3 145[1]
P(cyklo-C6H11)3 179[1]
P(t-Bu)3 182[1]
P(C6F5)3 184[1]
P(C6H4-2-CH3)3 194[1]
P(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)3 212

Obměny

Pomocí Tolmanova úhlu se shrnují základní parametry vazby a určuje průměr největší možné kružnice opsané ideálnímu volně rotujícímu substituentu. Délka vazby kov-ligand v Tolmanově modelu se určuje empiricky z krystalové struktury čtyřstěnných komplexů niklu. Oproti tomu se z prostorového úhlu odvozuje délka vazby a průměr krystalové struktury.[5][6]

Pokud je známa geometrie ligandu, tak lze spočítat přesnou hodnotu Tolmanova úhlu.[7][8][9]

Využití

Tolmanův úhel má praktický význam v homogenní katalýze, protože velikost ligandů má vliv na reaktivitu kovového centra. V jedné studii[10] byla selektivita hydroformylace výrazně ovlivňována velikostí ligandů. Přestože jsou jednovazné, tak jsou molekuly některých fosfinů dostatečně velké na to, aby zaujímaly více než polovinu koordinační sféry kovového centra.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Ligand cone angle na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. a b c d e f g h i j k Chadwick A. Tolman. Phosphorus ligand exchange equilibriums on zerovalent nickel. Dominant role for steric effects. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1970-05-01, s. 2956–2965. doi:10.1021/ja00713a007. 
  2. Chadwick A. Tolman; W. C. Seidel; L. W. Gosser. Formation of three-coordinate nickel(0) complexes by phosphorus ligand dissociation from NiL4. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 1974-01-01, s. 2956–2965. doi:10.1021/ja00713a007. 
  3. Chadwick A. Tolman. Steric Effects of Phosphorus Ligands in Organometallic Chemistry and Homogeneous Catalysis. Chemical Reviews. 1977, s. 313–348. doi:10.1021/cr60307a002. 
  4. Structure−Activity Correlation in Titanium Single-Site Olefin Polymerization Catalysts Containing Mixed Cyclopentadienyl/Aryloxide Ligation. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 2007, s. 3776–3777. doi:10.1021/ja0640849. PMID 17348648. 
  5. A. Immirzi; A. Musco. A method to measure the size of phosphorus ligands in coordination complexes. Inorganica Chimica Acta. 1977, s. L41–L42. doi:10.1016/S0020-1693(00)95635-4. 
  6. Tobias Niksch; Helmar Görls; Wolfgang Weigand. The Extension of the Solid-Angle Concept to Bidentate Ligands. European Journal of Inorganic Chemistry. 2009, s. 95–105. doi:10.1002/ejic.200900825. 
  7. Jenna A. Bilbrey; Arianna H. Kazez; J. Locklin; Wesley D. Allen. Exact ligand cone angles. Journal of Computational Chemistry. 2013, s. 1189–1197. doi:10.1002/jcc.23217. PMID 23408559. 
  8. CCQC [online]. [cit. 2016-06-02]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném dne 2016-06-17. 
  9. Michel Petitjean. Analytical Algorithms for Ligand Cone Angles Calculations. Application to Triphenylphosphine Palladium Complexes. Comptes Rendus Chimie. 2015, s. 678–684. doi:10.1016/j.crci.2015.04.004. 
  10. D. Evans; J. A. Osborn; G. Wilkinson. Hydroformylation of Alkenes by Use of Rhodium Complex Catalyst. Journal of the Chemical Society. 1968, s. 3133–3142. doi:10.1039/J19680003133. 

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