Depolarizace

Depolarizace (někdy nazývána jako hypopolarizace[1][2][3]) je taková změna elektrická náboje v buňce, při které se sníží negativní náboj uvnitř buňky. Depolarizace je nezbytná pro funkci mnoha buněk a komunikaci mezi buňkami.

Akční potenciál v neuronu ukazuje depolarizaci, ve které se vnitřní náboj stává méně negativním (pozitivnějším), a repolarizaci, ve které se vnitřní náboj vrací k více negativní hodnotě.

Většina buněk vyšších organismů udržuje své vnitřní prostředí vzhledem ke svému okolí negativně nabité. Tento rozdíl v náboji se nazývá membránový potenciál. V procesu depolarizace se negativní vnitřní náboj buňky dočasně stává více pozitivním (méně negativním). K posunu od negativního k pozitivnímu membránového potenciálu dojde během několika procesů, včetně akčního potenciálu. Během akčního potenciálu je depolarizace tak velká, že se u rozdílu potenciálu buněčné membrány krátce obrátí polarita a uvnitř buňky se stává náboj pozitivní.

Změna v náboji je způsobena v důsledku přílivu sodíkových iontů do buňky, což může být zprostředkován přílivem jakýchkoliv kationtů nebo odtokem aniontů. Opak depolarizace je hyperpolarizace.

Depolarizace ve fyzice

Použití termínu „depolarizace“ v biologii se liší od jeho použití ve fyzice. Ve fyzice odkazuje na situace, při níž se polarita změní na hodnotu nula.

Reference

V tomto článku byl použit překlad textu z článku Depolarization na anglické Wikipedii.

  1. ↑ [s.l.]: [s.n.] Dostupné online. ISBN 9780521359429. 
  2. ↑ [s.l.]: [s.n.] Dostupné online. ISBN 9780803114852. 
  3. ↑ A., Persinger, Michael; M., Lafrenie, Robert. The Cancer Cell Plasma Membrane Potentials as Energetic Equivalents to Astrophysical Properties. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy. 2014-01-01. Dostupné online. ISSN 2299-3843. DOI 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.36.67. (EN)  Archivovaná kopie. www.scipress.com [online]. [cit. 2018-07-09]. Dostupné v archivu pořízeném z originálu. 

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