És un peix marí i batipelàgic que viu fins als 850 m de fondària (normalment, entre 400 i 800 durant el dia i a prop de la superfície durant la nit). Fa migracions verticals diàries.[10][6][11][12][13]
↑Goode G. B. & Bean T. H., 1896. Oceanic Ichthyology, a treatise on the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world, based chiefly upon the collections made by the steamers Blake, Albatross, and Fish Hawk in the northwestern Atlantic, with an atlas containing 417 figures. Spec. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. Núm. 2. Text: i-xxxv + 1-26 + 1-553.
↑Johnson, J. Y. 1890. On some new species of fishes from Madeira. Proceedings of the General Meetings for Scientific, Business of the Zoological Society of London 1890 (pt 2): 452-459.
↑McEachran, J.D. I J.D. Fechhelm, 1998. Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico. Volum 1: Myxiniformes to Gasterosteiformes. University of Texas Press, Austin. 1112 p.
↑Bigelow, H.B., D.M. Cohen, M.M. Dick, R.H. Gibbs, Jr., M. Grey, J.E. Morrow, Jr., L.P. Schultz i V. Walters, 1964. Fishes of the western North Atlantic. Part four. New Haven, Sears Found. Mar. Res., Yale Univ.
↑Schaefer, S., R.K. Johnson i J. Badcock, 1986. Gonostomatidae. P. 247-253. A: M.M. Smith i P.C. Heemstra (eds.). Smiths' sea fishes. Springer-Verlag, Berlín.
↑Badcock, J., 1984. Gonostomatidae. P. 284-301. A P.J.P. Whitehead, M.-L. Bauchot, J.-C. Hureau, J. Nielsen i E. Tortonese (eds.). Fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean. Vol. 1. UNESCO, París.
↑ 11,011,1Uyeno, T., K. Matsuura i E. Fujii (eds.), 1983. Fishes trawled off Suriname and French Guiana. Japan Marine Fishery Resource Research Center, Tòquio (Japó). 519 p.
↑Figueiredo, J.L. de, A.P. dos Santos, N. Yamaguti, R.A. Bernardes i C.L. Del Bianco Rossi-Wongtschowski, 2002. Peixes da zona econômica exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: Levantamento com Rede de Meia-Água. São Paulo: Editora da Universidade de São Paulo; Imprensa Oficial do Estado, 242 p.
↑Madureira, L.S.P. i C.L.D.B. Rossi-Wongtschowski (eds.), 2005. Prospecção de recursos pesqueiros pelágicos na Zona Econômica Exclusiva da Região Sudeste-Sul do Brasil: hidroacústica e biomassas. Série documentos Revizee: Score Sul, Instituto Oceanográfico, USP, São Paulo, el Brasil. 144 p.
↑Bond, G.W., 1981. Gonostomatidae. A: W. Fischer, G. Bianchi i W.B. Scott (eds.). FAO species identification sheets for fishery purposes. Eastern Central Atlantic; fishing areas 34, 47 (in part). Vol. 2. FAO, Roma.
↑Claro, R. i L.R. Parenti, 2001. The marine ichthyofauna of Cuba. p. 21-57. A: Claro, R., K.C. Lindeman i L.R. Parenti (eds) Ecology of the marine fishes of Cuba. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington DC i Londres. 253 p.
↑Quéro, J.-C., J.C. Njock i M.M. de la Hoz, 1990. Gonostomatidae. P. 283-292. A: J.C. Quero, J.C. Hureau, C. Karrer, A. Post i L. Saldanha (eds.). Check-list of the fishes of the eastern tropical Atlantic (CLOFETA). JNICT, Lisboa; SEI, París; i UNESCO, París. Vol. 1.
↑Ramjohn, D.D. 1999. Checklist of coastal and marine fishes of Trinidad and Tobago. Marine Fishery Analysis Unit, Fisheries Division, Ministry of Agriculture, Land and Marine Resources, Trinitat i Tobago. Fisheries Information Series 8, 151 p.
↑Rass, T. S., 1971. Deep-sea fish in the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico (the American Mediterranean Region). P. 509-526. A: Symposium on Investigations and Resources of the Caribbean Sea and Adjacent Regions. UNESCO, París.
↑Shcherbachev Yu, N., E.I. Kukuev i V.I. Shlibanov, 1985. Composition of the benthic and demersal ichthyocenoses of the submarine mountains in the southern part of the North Atlantic Range. J. Ichthyol. 25:110-125.
↑Witzell, W.N., 1979. Gonostomatidae. P. 114-122. A: J.C. Hureau i Th. Monod (eds.) Check-list of the fishes of the north-eastern Atlantic and of the Mediterranean (CLOFNAM). UNESCO, París. Vol. 1.
Bibliografia
Divisió de Peixos de la Smithsonian Institution. Base de dades de la col·lecció de peixos del Museu Nacional d'Història Natural (en anglès). Smithsonian Institution, 2001.