Adaptació d'impedàncies

En electrònica, l'adaptació d'impedàncies és la tècnica de fer coincidir els valors de les impedàncies del generador i de la càrrega per tal d'aconseguir transferir la màxima potència.

Descripció

S'obté quan la impedància Z_S del generador i la impedància Z_L de la càrrega són l'una el complex conjugat de l'altra, és a dir, quan Z_L = Z* _S.

La màxima transferència de potència és un factor que representa una clara frontera entre l'electrònica i l'electrotècnia: en aquesta última disciplina, de fet, no interessa tant la màxima transferència de potència sinó el màxim rendiment, una mesura que els circuits adaptats és pràcticament igual al 50%.^[1]

El corrent que passa pel circuit és, per la llei d'Ohm:^[2]

I={\frac {V_{S}}{Z_{S}+Z_{L}}}

La tensió útil al terminal del generador sota la càrrega val, per la llei d'Ohm relativa a la porció del circuit $V=Z_{L}I$ i, doncs:

V={\frac {V_{S}Z_{L}}{Z_{S}+Z_{L}}}

La potència proveïda pel generador és $P=VI$ que, per la fórmula anterior, esdevé:

P={\frac {V_{S}^{2}Z_{L}}{(Z_{S}+Z_{L})^{2}}}

En aquesta última és mostra el valor màxim com $Z_{L}=Z_{S}$ .

Si $I$ és un corrent altern, la potència màxima es dona només en condicions de ressonància en el circuit, o a una freqüència precisa del corrent.

Telecomunicacions

El concepte és present també en les telecomunicacions en què el desadaptament entre les línies de transmissió o guia d'ones i la càrrega final produeixen una ona reflexa vers el transmissor que pot causar dany al circuit electrònic a més de disminuir la potència del senyal transmès i conseqüentment afectar en la sensibilitat de potència del senyal en el receptor.

Referències

↑ Giuseppe Giuliano e Dino Pellizzaro.
↑ Alfredo Ferraro.

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