Potocki–Lupskijev sindrom

Potocki–Lupskijev sindrom
(Sindrom mikroduplikacije 17p11.2)
(Trisomija 17p11.2)
Datoteka:Potocki-slika.png
Sažetak reultata deletiranja 131 SMS
Klasifikacija i vanjski resursi
ICD-10Q92.3
OMIM610883

Potocki–Lupskijev sindrom, znan i kao sindrom mikroduplikacije 17p11.2 ili trisomija 17p11.2 ili sindrom duplikacije 17p11.2, je sindrom susjednog gena koji uključuje mikroduplikaciju pruge 11.2 na kratkom krahu hromosoma 17 (17p11.2).[1] Dupliranje je prvi put opisano kao studija slučaja 1996.[2] U 2000., trealizirana je prva studija o ovoj bolesti,[3] i 2007, prikupljeno je dovoljno pacijenata da završe sveobuhvatnu studiju i daju joj detaljan klinički opis.[1] PTLS je dobio ime po dva istraživača uključena u potonje faze, dr. Lorraineu Potockiju i Jamesu R. Lupskom sa Baylor College of Medicine.[1][4]

PTLS je prva predviđena recipročna homologna rekombinacija (mikrodelecija ili mikroduplikacija) gdje obje recipročne rekombinacije rezultiraju sindromom susjednog gena.< ref name ="PotockiBi"/> Njegova recipročna bolest je Smith–Magenisov sindrom (SMS), u kojoj se dio hromosoma dupliciran u PTLS u potpunosti deletira.[3]

Potocki–Lupskijev sindrom se smatra rijetkom bolešću,[5][6] sa predviđenom pojavom kod najmanje 1/20.000 ljudi.[7]

Simptomi sindroma uključuju intelektualnu invalidnost, autizam i druge poremećaje koji nisu povezani sa navedenim simptomima.

Prezentacija

Klinički, PTLS se predstavlja kao blaži sindrom od SMS-a, s različitim karakteristikama, iako se PTLS može zamijeniti sa SMS-om.[1] Oba sindroma karakteriziraju višestruki urođene abnormalnosti i intelektualna invalidnost. Ključna karakteristika koja se pojavljuje u 80% slučajeva je poremećaj iz autističnog spektra.[8] Ostale jedinstvene karakteristike ovog sindroma su infantilna hipotonija, apneja u snu , strukturne kardiovaskularne anomalije, kognitivni deficiti,[9] abnormalno društveno ponašanje,[8] poteškoće u učenju, poremećaj deficita pažnje, opsesivno-kompulzivno ponašanje, malokluzija, nizak rast i neuspjeh u napredovanju.[1][10]

Nakon što su primijetili da je autizam obično povezan sa PTLS-om, istraživači Centro de Estudios Científicos i Austral University of Chile genetički su kreirali PTLS model miša, gdje je dupliran sintetski hromosomski segment i ispitivano je socijalno ponašanje ovih miševa, u odnosu na one bez anomalije ("divlji tip").[8] Jedan simptom povezan sa ljudskim autizmom je abnormalna recipročna socijalna interakcija.[8] Istraživači su primijetili da su genetički kreirani miševi oba spola imali blago (statistički beznačajno) oštećenje sklonosti prema društvenom cilju (tj. živom mišu koji diše) nad neživum - prosječni čovjek će više voljeti socijalni cilj i radije će istraživati tek uvedene miševe umjesto poznatih, za razliku od tipskog čovjeka i miša-prijatelja nad neznancem, demonstrirajući promjenu u njihovoj naklonosti prema društvenim novostima. Također su otkrili da su muški miševi u nekim scenarijima pokazali povećanu anksioznost i dominantnije ponašanje od kontrolne grupe. Anatomski konstruirani miševi imali su smanjeni odnos mase mozga i tijela i promjenu u ekspresiji nekoliko gena u hipokampusu.[8][11]

Molekulska genetika

I Potocki–Lupskijev i Smith–Magenis sindrom nastaju neispravnim mehanizmom nealelne homologne rekombinacije.[12] Oba uključuju odjeljak hromosoma od 1,3-3,7 megabaza u 17p11,2, koji uključuje gen-1 inducibilne retinojska kiseline (RAI1). Ostali kandidat geni identificirani su u dupliranom odjeljku, uključujući ' SREBF1, DRG2, LLGL1, SHMT1 i ZFP179.[8]

U miševa potporodice Murinae, 32-34 cM regija hromosoma 11 je sintetska do 17p11.2, što znači da sadrže iste gene u istom redoslijedu i orijentaciji.[11] Ova kinzervirana sekvenca iskorištena je kako bi se saznalo više o SMS-u i PTLS-u. U genetičkim studijama i na laboratorijskim miševima i na ljudima otkriveno je da je gen RAI1 vjerovatno odgovoran za ove sindrome. Naprimjer, u jednoj studiji je pokazano da su se pojavili miševi s dvije kopije gena RAI1 i tri kopije svakog od ostalih 18 gena u opisanom translokacijama području hromosoma 11 i ponašali su se kao kontrolni miševi s netaknutom opisanom regijom.[10][13] Drugim riječima, RAI1 je osjetljiv na doziranje gena. Ovo pruža dokaz da prisutni broj kopija RAI1 utiče na simptome PTLS-a i SMS-a. Stoga se vjeruje da je "RAI1" kritični gen koji je uključen u ove poremećaje;[1] međutim, nisu utvrđeni samo slučajevi duplikacija RAI1, pa ovo nije zaključeno pitanje.[14]

U jednoj grupi primijetili su da je u modelu miša, bočni gen u dupliranom segmentu također prekomerprekomerno ekspimiran, predlažući neke nove kandidatske gene za analizu, uključujući MFAP4, TTC19 i GJA12.[8]

Dijagnoza

Duplikacija gena U TLS obično je dovoljno velika da se može detektirati samo pomoću G-pruganja,[15] iako postoji visoka lažno negativna stopa razlučivanja.[1] Da bi se utvrdila dijagnoza kada su rezultati analize kariotipa nejasni ili negativni, sofisticiranije tehnike kao što je subtelomerna, mogu se koristiti fluorescentna hibridizacija in situ i niz uporednih genomskih hibridizacija (aCGH).[16]

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Potocki, Lorraine; Bi, Weimin; Treadwell-Deering, Diane; Carvalho, Claudia M.B.; Eifert, Anna; Friedman, Ellen M.; Glaze, Daniel; Krull, Kevin; et al. (2007). "Characterization of Potocki-Lupski Syndrome (dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)) and Delineation of a Dosage-Sensitive Critical Interval That Can Convey an Autism Phenotype". The American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (4): 633–649. doi:10.1086/512864. ISSN 0002-9297. PMC 1852712. PMID 17357070.
  2. ^ Brown, Angela; Phelan, Mary C.; Patil, Sliivanand; Crawford, Eric; Rogers, R. Curtis; Schwartz, Charles (1996). "Two Patients With Duplication of 17~11.2: The Reciprocal of the Smith–Magenis Syndrome Deletion?". American Journal of Medical Genetics. 63 (2): 373–377. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-8628(19960517)63:2<373::AID-AJMG9>3.0.CO;2-U. PMID 8725788.
  3. ^ a b Potocki, Lorraine; Chen, KS; Park, SS; Osterholm, DE; Withers, MA; Kimonis, V; Summers, AM; Meschino, WS; et al. (januar 2000). "Molecular mechanism for duplication 17p11.2 - the homologous recombination reciprocal of the Smith–Magenis microdeletion". Nature Genetics. 24 (1): 84–87. doi:10.1038/71743. ISSN 1061-4036. PMID 10615134. S2CID 24400634.
  4. ^ Gu, W.; Lupski, James R. (2008). Schmidt, M. (ured.). "CNV and nervous system diseases – what's new?". Cytogenetic and Genome Research. 123 (1–4): 54–64. doi:10.1159/000184692. ISSN 1424-8581. PMC 2920183. PMID 19287139.
  5. ^ "Potocki–Lupski syndrome". Office of Rare Diseases Research's Genetic & Rare Diseases Information Center (GARD). National Institute for Health. Arhivirano s originala, 28. 5. 2010. Pristupljeno 25. 8. 2009.
  6. ^ "Trisomy 17p11.2 (Potocki–Lupski syndrome)". Orphanet. Paris, France: INSERM. Pristupljeno 25. 8. 2009.
  7. ^ "About Potocki-Lupski syndrome". Houston, Texas: Baylor College of Medicine. 17. 7. 2009. Arhivirano s originala, 6. 6. 2011. Pristupljeno 26. 8. 2009.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g Molina, J; Carmona-Mora, P; Chrast, J; Krall, PM; Canales, CP; Lupski, JR; Reymond, A; Walz, K (15. 8. 2008). "Abnormal social behaviors and altered gene expression rates in a mouse model for Potocki-Lupski syndrome". Human Molecular Genetics. 17 (16): 2486–95. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddn148. PMID 18469339.
  9. ^ Treadwell-Deering, DE; Powell, MP; Potocki, L (2009). "Cognitive and behavioral characterization of the Potocki-Lupski syndrome (duplication 17p11.2)". Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics. 31 (2): 137–43. doi:10.1097/DBP.0b013e3181cda67e. PMID 20110824. S2CID 24233881.
  10. ^ a b Walz, Katherina et all; Paylor, R; Yan, J; Bi, W; Lupski, JR (novembar 2006). "Rai1 duplication causes physical and behavioral phenotypes in a mouse model of dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 116 (11): 3035–3041. doi:10.1172/JCI28953. ISSN 0021-9738. PMC 1590269. PMID 17024248.
  11. ^ a b Carmona-Mora, P; Molina, J; Encina, CA; Walz, K (juni 2009). "Mouse models of genomic syndromes as tools for understanding the basis of complex traits: an example with the smith-magenis and the potocki-lupski syndromes". Current Genomics. 10 (4): 259–68. doi:10.2174/138920209788488508. PMC 2709937. PMID 19949547.
  12. ^ Zhang, F; Potocki, L; Sampson, JB; Liu, P; Sanchez-Valle, A; Robbins-Furman, P; Navarro, AD; Wheeler, PG; Spence, JE; Brasington, CK; Withers, MA; Lupski, JR (12. 3. 2010). "Identification of uncommon recurrent Potocki-Lupski syndrome-associated duplications and the distribution of rearrangement types and mechanisms in PTLS". American Journal of Human Genetics. 86 (3): 462–70. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.02.001. PMC 2833368. PMID 20188345.
  13. ^ Carmona-Mora, P; Walz, K (decembar 2010). "Retinoic Acid Induced 1, RAI1: A Dosage Sensitive Gene Related to Neurobehavioral Alterations Including Autistic Behavior". Current Genomics. 11 (8): 607–17. doi:10.2174/138920210793360952. PMC 3078685. PMID 21629438.
  14. ^ Lupski, James R.; Stankiewicz, Pawel (decembar 2005). "Genomic Disorders: Molecular Mechanisms for Rearrangements and Conveyed Phenotypes". PLOS Genetics. 1 (6): e49. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010049. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 1352149. PMID 16444292.
  15. ^ Potocki, L; Bi, W; Treadwell-Deering, D; Carvalho, CM; Eifert, A; Friedman, EM; Glaze, D; Krull, K; Lee, JA; Lewis, RA; Mendoza-Londono, R; Robbins-Furman, P; Shaw, C; Shi, X; Weissenberger, G; Withers, M; Yatsenko, SA; Zackai, EH; Stankiewicz, P; Lupski, JR (april 2007). "Characterization of Potocki-Lupski syndrome (dup(17)(p11.2p11.2)) and delineation of a dosage-sensitive critical interval that can convey an autism phenotype". American Journal of Human Genetics. 80 (4): 633–49. doi:10.1086/512864. PMC 1852712. PMID 17357070.
  16. ^ Sanchez-Jimeno, Carolina; Bustamante-Aragonés, Ana; Infantes-Barbero, Fernando; Rodriguez De Alba, Marta; Ramos, Carmen; Trujillo-Tiebas, María Jose; Lorda-Sánchez, Isabel (decembar 2014). "Two interstitial rearrangements (16q deletion and 17p duplication) in a child with MR/MCA". Clinical Case Reports. 2 (6): 303–309. doi:10.1002/ccr3.117. PMC 4270714. PMID 25548634.

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