Crna smrt

Širenje[mrtav link] bolesti na Bliskom istoku i Evropi (1346–1353)

Crna smrt bila je pandemija koja je harala pogotovo Evropom u Srednjem vijeku, krajem 1340. godine, odnjevši živote između 75 i 200 miliona ljudi, odnosno trećinu tadašnje evropske populacije.[1][2][3] Vjeruje se da je za pandemiju kriva bila bakterija Yersinia pestis, za koju se smatra da je kriva iza nekoliko drugih kuga (septične, pneumonične i one najčešće – bubonske).[4] Procjenjuje se da je kuga odnijela 30% do 60% Evropskog stanovništva.[5]

Hronologija

Većina naučnika smatra da je Crna smrt bila pandemija kuge, dok neki smatraju da je bio virus sličan eboli. Crna smrt je vjerovatno nastala negdje u srednjoj ili istočnoj Aziji 1334. godine,[6][7][8] da bi se potom polahko širila na zapad Putem svile. Godine 1346. stigla je do Egipta, Sirije i zatim Krima, a 1347. do Konstantinopolja, Sicilije i zatim južne Evrope. Godine 1348. stigla je do Francuske, Holandije, Njemačke i Engleske, a 1349. do Skandinavije i Rusije.

Zbog svoje velike smrtnosti, Crna smrt je izazvala opću paniku. Ljudi nisu znali odakle bolest dolazi niti kako je zaustaviti. Tražeći uzrok, mnogi su vjerovali da je Crna smrt Božija kazna. Međutim, pošto Crkva nije mogla da objasni i zaustavi bolest, mnogi su postali ravnodušni prema njoj i živjeli po filozofiji da treba živjeti što bolje dok te bolest ne pogodi, ignorišući tako savjete ljekara o izbirljosti što se tiče hrane i pića i izbjegavanja suvišnog kontakta s ljudima. Neki su tvrdili da je uzrok bolesti natprirodan i da se prenosi vjetrom, pa je trebalo ostati u kućama i zatvarati prozore. Neki su krivili Jevreje, što je dovelo do njihovog progonjenja.

Ista bolest se ponovo vratila u nekoliko navrata: sve do 1700. godine. kuga u Italiji 1629-1631, Velika kuga u Londonu (1665–1666), Velika kuga u Beču (1679), Velika kuga u Marseillu 1720–1722 i 1771. kuga u Moskvi. Iz Evrope je nestala u 18 vijeku.

Također pogledajte

Reference

  1. ^ ABC/Reuters (29. 1. 2008). "Black death 'discriminated' between victims (ABC News in Science)". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Pristupljeno 3. 11. 2008.
  2. ^ "Health: De-coding the Black Death". BBC. 3. 10. 2001. Pristupljeno 3. 11. 2008.
  3. ^ "Black Death's Gene Code Cracked". Wired. 3. 10. 2001. Pristupljeno 12. 2. 2015.
  4. ^ "Plague". World Health Organization. oktobar 2017. Pristupljeno 8. 11. 2017.
  5. ^ Austin Alchon, Suzanne (2003). A pest in the land: new world epidemics in a global perspective. University of New Mexico Press. str. 21. ISBN 978-0-8263-2871-7.
  6. ^ https://edition.cnn.com/2019/11/23/asia/plague-china-history-intl-hnk-scli/index.html
  7. ^ Bramanti, Barbara; Stenseth, Nils Chr; Walløe, Lars; Lei, Xu (2016). "Plague: A Disease Which Changed the Path of Human Civilization". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 918: 1–26. doi:10.1007/978-94-024-0890-4_1. ISSN 0065-2598. PMID 27722858.
  8. ^ Wade, Nicholas (31. 10. 2010). "Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds". The New York Times (jezik: engleski). ISSN 0362-4331. Pristupljeno 1. 3. 2020.

Dalje čitanje

Vanjski linkovi

  • Kuga – Mrežno izdanje Hrvatske enciklopedije

Read other articles:

Konsepsi Pohaci dan Susunan Hierarki di tatar Sawarga Loka Manggung atau Langit. Pohaci merujuk kepada sebutan lain untuk dewa atau dewi mitologi Hindu dalam tradisi dan budaya Sunda. [1] Dalam konteks spiritualitas Sunda, Pohaci merupakan proyeksi dari dewa atau dewi pelindung dalam kehidupan masyarakat Sunda di masa lalu.[1] Deskripsi Kehidupan masyarakat Sunda di masa lalu sangat terkait erat dengan berbagai nama Pohaci. Pohaci dikenal sebagai dewa atau dewi pelindung yang ...

 

József SzájerMEP Member of the European ParliamentMasa jabatan1 July 2004 – 31 December 2020[1]Daerah pemilihanHungaryMember of the National AssemblyMasa jabatan2 May 1990 – 19 July 2004 Informasi pribadiLahir7 September 1961 (umur 62)Sopron, HungaryPartai politik HungarianFidesz (1988–2020) EUEuropean People's PartySuami/istriTünde HandóAnakFanniAlma materEötvös Loránd UniversitySunting kotak info • L • B József Szájer (la...

 

SumbaPulau Sumba dilihat dari Stasiun Luar Angkasa InternasionalGeografiLokasiAsia TenggaraKoordinat9°40′S 120°00′E / 9.667°S 120.000°E / -9.667; 120.000KepulauanKepulauan Nusa TenggaraLuas11.153 km2Peringkat luas73PemerintahanNegaraIndonesiaProvinsiNusa Tenggara TimurKota terbesarWaingapu (10.700 jiwa)KependudukanPenduduk685.186 jiwa (2010)Kepadatan61 jiwa/km2 Peta Pulau Sumba tahun 1925 Pulau Sumba adalah sebuah pulau di Provinsi Nusa T...

National library and archive Library and Archives CanadaLibrary and Archives Canada building in OttawaLocation395 Wellington Street,Ottawa, Ontario, Canada[note 2]TypeNational library andnational archivesEstablishedMay 21, 2004; 19 years ago (2004-05-21)[note 1]CollectionItems collectedAboriginal magazines; albums and scrapbooks; architectural drawings; art; artifacts; Canadian children's literature; Canadian comic books; Canadian newspapers; Canadian periodi...

 

English music hall comedian J. H. SteadSheet music cover, showing Stead jumping into the airBornJames Hurst Steadc. 1826Kingston upon Hull, YorkshireDied(1886-01-24)24 January 1886 (aged c. 60)LondonOccupation(s)Comedian, singerYears active1850s–1880s James Hurst Stead (c. 1826 – 24 January 1886) was an English music hall comedian, popular for several decades from the 1850s. Biography He was born in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire, and by the 1850s was performing in music halls...

 

يفتقر محتوى هذه المقالة إلى الاستشهاد بمصادر. فضلاً، ساهم في تطوير هذه المقالة من خلال إضافة مصادر موثوق بها. أي معلومات غير موثقة يمكن التشكيك بها وإزالتها. (أكتوبر 2023) دوري المحترفين العماني 2021–22 تفاصيل الموسم الدوري العماني  البطل نادي السيب (اللقب الثاني) الهابطون مس...

Romanos IV DiogenesΡωμανός Δ΄ ΔιογένηςKaisar Romawi TimurRomanus dan Eudokia Makrembolitissa dimahkotai oleh Kristus (Bibliothèque nationale de France).Berkuasa1068–1071PendahuluKonstantinus XPenerusMikhael VIIKelahiranc.1030Kematian1072 (usia 42)AyahKonstantinus DiogenesPasanganAnna dari BulgariaEudokia MakrembolitissaAnakKonstantinus DiogenesNikephoros DiogenesLeo Diogenes Romanos (atau Romanus) IV Diogenes (Yunani: Ρωμανός Δ΄ Διογένη�...

 

French ecclesiastical historian (1637–1698) Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemontde Tillemont based on portrait by Claude LefebvreBorn(1637-11-30)30 November 1637Died10 January 1698(1698-01-10) (aged 60)EducationPetites écoles of Port-RoyalOccupation(s)Cleric and historian Louis-Sébastien Le Nain de Tillemont (30 November 1637 – 10 January 1698) was a French ecclesiastical historian. Life He was born in Paris into a wealthy Jansenist family and was educated at the Peti...

 

Village in Estonia This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Pürksi – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Village in Lääne County, EstoniaPürksiVillagePürksi manorCountry EstoniaCounty Lääne CountyParish Lääne-Nigula Pari...

FC Zenit Saint Petersburg 2018–19 football seasonFC Zenit Saint Petersburg2018–19 seasonZenit Saint Petersburg lining up against Slavia PragueChairmanSergey FursenkoManagerSergey SemakStadiumKrestovsky StadiumRussian Premier League1stRussian CupRound of 16 vs RostovEuropa LeagueRound of 16 vs VillarrealTop goalscorerLeague: Sebastián Driussi (11)All: Two Players (13) Home colours Away colours ← 2017–182019–20 → The 2018–19 Zenit Saint Petersburg season was the...

 

Indian diplomat (born 1965) Vinay Mohan KwatraIFSKwatra in November 202234th Foreign Secretary of IndiaIn office1 May 2022 – 31 October 2024Prime MinisterNarendra ModiMinisterS. JaishankarPreceded byHarsh Vardhan Shringla[1]25th Ambassador of India to NepalIn officeMarch 2020 – April 2022Preceded byManjeev Singh PuriSucceeded byNaveen Srivastava24th Ambassador of India to FranceIn officeJuly 2017 – February 2020Preceded byDr. Mohan KumarSucceeded byJaw...

 

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Desember 2022. Koin Salzburg dari tahun 1694, mirip dengan koin yang diciptakan oleh Konrad Bethmann Konrad Bethmann atau Conrad Bethmann (1652–1701) merupakan seorang penjaga mata uang baru dan pengusaha yang melayani wewenang sekuler dan gerejawi. Ia lahir di Go...

Сельское поселение России (МО 2-го уровня)Новотитаровское сельское поселение Флаг[d] Герб 45°14′09″ с. ш. 38°58′16″ в. д.HGЯO Страна  Россия Субъект РФ Краснодарский край Район Динской Включает 4 населённых пункта Адм. центр Новотитаровская Глава сельского пос�...

 

Headland on the Atlantic shore of Virginia This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Cape Henry from the air, facing to the east-southeast over the Atlantic Ocean and the gateway to the Chesapeake Bay Cape Henry is a cape on the Atlantic shore of Virginia located in the northeast corner of Virginia...

 

Geumjeong District 금정구DistrikTranskripsi Korea • Hanja金井區 • Alih Aksara yang DisempurnakanGeumjeong-gu • McCune-ReischauerKŭmjŏng-kuPemandangan Geumjeong-gu dari Geumjeongsan [[Distrik Geumjeong|]]NegaraKorea SelatanWilayahYeongnamTingkat provinsiBusanPembagian administratif20 administratif dongLuas • Total65,19 km2 (25,17 sq mi)Populasi (2005[1]) • Total264.880 • Kepadatan4....

Comune in Sardinia, ItalyMaraComuneComune di Mara Coat of armsLocation of Mara MaraLocation of Mara in SardiniaShow map of ItalyMaraMara (Sardinia)Show map of SardiniaCoordinates: 40°25′N 8°38′E / 40.417°N 8.633°E / 40.417; 8.633CountryItalyRegionSardiniaProvinceSassari (SS)Government • MayorSalvatore LigiosArea[1] • Total18.9 km2 (7.3 sq mi)Elevation258 m (846 ft)Population (2018-01-01)[2]&#...

 

1997 compilation album by Various ArtistsNow That's What I Call Music! 3Compilation album by Various ArtistsReleasedSeptember 1, 1997LabelEMI / Virgin / PolyGramVarious Artists chronology Now That's What I Call Music! 2(1996) Now That's What I Call Music! 3(1997) Now That's What I Call Music! 4(1998) Now That's What I Call Music! 3, also referred to as Now 3, was released on September 1, 1997[citation needed]. The album is the third edition of the Asia Now That's What I Call M...

 

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Rome (homonymie). Pour les articles ayant des titres homophones, voir Rom, Romme, Roms et Rhum. Rome Roma Armoiries Drapeau De gauche à droite et de haut en bas : le Colisée, le monument à Victor-Emmanuel II, la place de la République, le château Saint-Ange, la fontaine de Trevi, la basilique Saint-Pierre et une vue aérienne de la ville. Administration Pays Italie Région Latium  Ville métropolitaine Rome Capitale  Maire Mandat Rob...

Town in Sri LankaKathiraveli கதிரவெளி කතිරවෙළියTownKathiraveliCoordinates: 8°13′0″N 81°24′0″E / 8.21667°N 81.40000°E / 8.21667; 81.40000CountrySri LankaProvinceEasternDistrictBatticaloaDS DivisionKoralai Pattu NorthPopulation (2007) • Total2,287Time zoneSLST(UTC+05:30) Kathiraveli or கதிரவெளி (Paddy Field in Tamil) [1] is a town in Batticaloa District, Sri Lanka. It is located about ...

 

مازندران (محافظة)    خريطة الموقع تقسيم إداري البلد إيران  [1][2] العاصمة ساري  التقسيم الأعلى إيران  خصائص جغرافية إحداثيات 36°33′56″N 53°03′32″E / 36.5656°N 53.0588°E / 36.5656; 53.0588   [3] المساحة 23842 كيلومتر مربع  السكان التعداد السكاني 3283582 (إحصاء ال...