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Steroid 11β-monooksigenaza
Steroid 11β-monooksigenaza
Identifikatori
Simbol	?
CAS broj	9029-66-7

CYP11B1
Identifikatori
Aliasi	CYP11B1
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 610613 MGI: 88584 HomoloGene: 128035 GeneCards: CYP11B1
EC broj	1.14.15.4
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hrom.	Hromosom 8 (čovjek)
Kraj	142,879,846 bp
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hrom.	Hromosom 15 (miš)
Kraj	74,728,167 bp
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
	Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija	• iron ion binding; • corticosterone 18-monooxygenase activity; • vezivanje iona metala; • monooxygenase activity; • GO:0050602 oxidoreductase activity, acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen; • oxidoreductase activity; • steroid 11-beta-monooxygenase activity; • heme binding;
Ćelijska komponenta	• membrana; • mitochondrial membranes; • mitohondrija; • mitochondrial inner membrane;
Biološki proces	• glucose homeostasis; • lipid metabolism; • aldosterone biosynthetic process; • cortisol biosynthetic process; • regulation of blood pressure; • C21-steroid hormone biosynthetic process; • cellular response to hormone stimulus; • glucocorticoid biosynthetic process; • GO:0046730, GO:0046737, GO:0046738, GO:0046736 Imuni odgovor; • sterol metabolic process; • cellular response to potassium ion; • steroid biosynthetic process; • steroid metabolic process; • cholesterol metabolic process; • cellular response to peptide hormone stimulus; • cortisol metabolic process;
	Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
	1584
	13072
	ENSG00000160882
	ENSMUSG00000022589
	P15538
	P15539
	NM_000497; NM_001026213
	NM_009991
	NP_000488; NP_001021384
	NP_034121
	Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek	Pogledaj/uredi – miš

Steroid 11β-hidroksilaza, znana i kao steroid 11β-monooksigenaza, je enzim steroid-hidrokslaza u zona glomerulosa i zona fasciculata u kori nadbubrežne žlijezde. Službeno je imenovana kao mitohondrijski citohrom P450 11B1, protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom CYP11B1.^[5]^[6] Enzim je uključen u biosintezu nadbubrežnih kortikosteroida^[7] katalizirajući dodavanja hidroksilne grupe tokom reakcija oksidacije.

Aminokiselinska sekvenca

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 503 aminokiseline, а molekulska težina 57.573 Da.^[8]

C: Cistein

D: Asparaginska kiselina

E: Glutaminska kiselina

F: Fenilalanin

G: Glicin

H: Histidin

I: Izoleucin

K: Lizin

L: Leucin

M: Metionin

N: Asparagin

P: Prolin

Q: Glutamin

R: Arginin

S: Serin

T: Treonin

V: Valin

W: Triptofan

Y: Tirozin

10	20	30	40	50
MALRAKAEVC	MAVPWLSLQR	AQALGTRAAR	VPRTVLPFEA	MPRRPGNRWL
RLLQIWREQG	YEDLHLEVHQ	TFQELGPIFR	YDLGGAGMVC	VMLPEDVEKL
QQVDSLHPHR	MSLEPWVAYR	QHRGHKCGVF	LLNGPEWRFN	RLRLNPEVLS
PNAVQRFLPM	VDAVARDFSQ	ALKKKVLQNA	RGSLTLDVQP	SIFHYTIEAS
NLALFGERLG	LVGHSPSSAS	LNFLHALEVM	FKSTVQLMFM	PRSLSRWTSP
KVWKEHFEAW	DCIFQYGDNC	IQKIYQELAF	SRPQQYTSIV	AELLLNAELS
PDAIKANSME	LTAGSVDTTV	FPLLMTLFEL	ARNPNVQQAL	RQESLAAAAS
ISEHPQKATT	ELPLLRAALK	ETLRLYPVGL	FLERVASSDL	VLQNYHIPAG
TLVRVFLYSL	GRNPALFPRP	ERYNPQRWLD	IRGSGRNFYH	VPFGFGMRQC
LGRRLAEAEM	LLLLHHVLKH	LQVETLTQED	IKMVYSFILR	PSMFPLLTFR
AIN

Gen

Gen CYP11B1 kodira 11β -hidroksilazu – člana nadporodice enzima citohromi P450. Proteini citohroma P450 su monooksigenaze, koje kataliziraju mnoge reakcije uključene u metabolizam lijekova i sintezu holesterola, steroida i drugih lipida. Proizvod ovog gena CYP11B1 je protein 11β-hidroksilaza. Ovaj protein nalazi se u unutrašnjoj membrani mitohondrija i uključen je u pretvorbu različitih steroida u kori nadbubrežne žlijezde. Za ovaj gen zabilježene su varijante transkripta koje kodiraju različite izoforme^[6]

Gen CYP11B1 se reverzibilno inhibira etomidatom^[9]^[10] i metiraponom.

Funkcija

11β-hidroksilaza je steroidogeni enzim, tj. enzim uključen u metabolizam steroida.

Ljudi imaju dva izoenzima sa 11β-hidroksilaznom aktivnošću: CYP11B1 i CYP11B2.

CYP11B1 (11β-hidroksilaza) eksprimiran je na visokim nivoima i reguliran je preko ACTH, dok je CYP11B2 (aldosteron-sintaza) obično ispoljena na niskim razinama i reguliran je angiotenzinom II. Osim aktivnosti 11β-hidroksilaze, oba izozima imaju i aktivnost 18-hidroksilaza.^[11] Izozim CYP11B1 ima snažnu aktivnost 11β-hidroksilaze, ali je aktivnost 18-hidroksilaze samo jedna desetina CYP11B2.^[12] Slaba aktivnost CYP11B1 18-hidroksilaze objašnjava zašto nadbubrežna žlijezda s potisnutom ekspresijom CYP11B2 nastavlja sintetizirati 18-hidroksikortikosteron.^[13]

Slijedi neki steroidi, grupirani prema katalitskoj aktivnosti izoenzima CYP11B1:

jaka aktivnost:^[14]^[15]
- 11-deoksikortizol u kortizol,^[13]^[16]
- 11-deoksikortikosteron u kortikosteron;^[13]^[17]
aktivnost medija:^[14]^[15]
slaba aktivnost:^[14]^[15]
- korticosteron u 18-hidroksikorticosteron,^[13]^[22]
- kortizol u 18-hidroksilortizol.^[14]^[22]^[23]^[24]

Osim toga, 11β-hidroksilaza može biti uključena i u metabolizam 17α-hidroksiprogesterona u 21-deoksikortizol,^[18] posebno u slučajevima nedostatka hidroksilaze 21.^[25]

Metabolizam kortizola i kortikosterona

11β-hidroksilaza ima jaku ^[14] katalitsku aktivnost tokom konverzije 11-deoksikortizola u kortizol i 11-deoksikortikosterona u kortikosteron, katalizom hidroksilacije ugljikove vodikove veze na položaju 11-beta. Obratiti pažnju na dodatni "–OH" na poziciji 11 (blizu centra, na prstenu "C"):

Mehanizam djelovanja

Kao mitohondrijski P450 sistem, P450c11 ovisi o dva proteina za prijenos elektrona, adrenodoksin reduktazi i adrenodoksinu koji prenose dva elektrona iz NADPH u P450 za svaku reakciju monooksigenaze koju katalizira enzim. U većini aspekata ovaj proces prijenosa elektrona izgleda sličan onom u P450scc-sistemu koji katalizira cijepanje bočnog lanca holesterola.^[26] Slično kao kod P450scc, proces prijenosa elektrona propušta, što dovodi do stvaranja superoksida. Brzina curenja elektrona tokom metabolizma ovisi o funkcionalnim skupinama supstrata steroida.^[27]

Regulacija

Ekspresiju enzima u adrenokorteksnim ćelijama regulira trofni hormon kortikotropin (ACTH).^[28]

Klinički značaj

Mutacija odgovarajućeg gena povezana je s poremećajem zvanim kongenitalna adrenalna hiperplazija zbog nedostatka 11β-hidroksilaze.

Također pogledajte

Steroidogeni enzim

Dodatne slike

Steroidogeneza, sa 11-beta-hidroksilazom, okomito na desnoj strani.

Biosintetski put kortikosteroida u biopsiji pacova
Numeracija steroida

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160882 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022589 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Gutkin M, Fallo F, et al. (septembar 1992). "Hereditary hypertension caused by chimaeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase". Nature Genetics. 2 (1): 66–74. doi:10.1038/ng0992-66. PMID 1303253. S2CID 975796.
^ ^a ^b "Entrez Gene: CYP11B1 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 1". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2020. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and is involved in the conversion of progesterone to cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Mutations in this gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene.
^ Zöllner A, Kagawa N, Waterman MR, Nonaka Y, Takio K, Shiro Y, et al. (februar 2008). "Purification and functional characterization of human 11beta hydroxylase expressed in Escherichia coli". The FEBS Journal. 275 (4): 799–810. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06253.x. PMID 18215163. S2CID 45997341.
^ "UniProt, P15538" (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 16. 9. 2021.
^ Dörr HG, Kuhnle U, Holthausen H, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D (novembar 1984). "Etomidate: a selective adrenocortical 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor". Klinische Wochenschrift. 62 (21): 1011–3. doi:10.1007/bf01711722. PMID 6096625. S2CID 20077711.
^ Lake CL (7. 12. 2004). Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. str. 68. ISBN 978-0-7817-5175-9. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2012.
^ White PC, Curnow KM, Pascoe L (august 1994). "Disorders of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase isozymes". Endocrine Reviews. 15 (4): 421–38. doi:10.1210/edrv-15-4-421. PMID 7988480.
^ White PC, Curnow KM, Pascoe L (2013). "Steroid 11β-Hydroxylase Isozymes (CYP11B1 and CYP11B2)". Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 105: 641–650. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77763-9_41. S2CID 81304246.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gupta V (oktobar 2011). "Mineralocorticoid hypertension". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15 Suppl 4 (8): S298–312. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.86972. PMC 3230101. PMID 22145132.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Strushkevich N, Gilep AA, Shen L, Arrowsmith CH, Edwards AM, Usanov SA, Park HW (februar 2013). "Structural insights into aldosterone synthase substrate specificity and targeted inhibition". Molecular Endocrinology. 27 (2): 315–24. doi:10.1210/me.2012-1287. PMC 5417327. PMID 23322723.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e van Rooyen D, Gent R, Barnard L, Swart AC (april 2018). "The in vitro metabolism of 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone to 11-ketodihydrotestosterone in the backdoor pathway". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 178: 203–212. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.014. PMID 29277707. S2CID 3700135.
^ Mello, Penachioni, Amaral, Castro (oktobar 2004). "11beta-hydroxylase deficiency". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia (jezik: portugalski). 48 (5): 713–23. doi:10.1590/s0004-27302004000500018. PMID 15761543.
^ Bulsari K, Falhammar H (januar 2017). "Clinical perspectives in congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11β-hydroxylase deficiency". Endocrine. 55 (1): 19–36. doi:10.1007/s12020-016-1189-x. PMID 27928728. S2CID 11153844.
^ ^a ^b Turcu AF, Rege J, Chomic R, Liu J, Nishimoto HK, Else T, et al. (juni 2015). "Profiles of 21-Carbon Steroids in 21-hydroxylase Deficiency". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 100 (6): 2283–90. doi:10.1210/jc.2015-1023. PMC 4454804. PMID 25850025.
^ Storbeck KH, Mostaghel EA (2019). "Canonical and Noncanonical Androgen Metabolism and Activity". Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology. 1210: 239–277. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32656-2_11. PMID 31900912. CYP11B1 and 2 have also been shown to 11β-hydroxylate T, yielding 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT), though the levels produced by the adrenal are low due to the limited availability of adrenal derived T
^ Stárka L, Dušková M, Vítků J (septembar 2020). "11-Keto-testosterone and other androgens of adrenal origin". Physiological Research. 69 (Suppl 2): S187–S192. doi:10.33549/physiolres.934516. PMID 33094617.
^ Bloem LM, Storbeck KH, Schloms L, Swart AC (oktobar 2013). "11β-hydroxyandrostenedione returns to the steroid arena: biosynthesis, metabolism and function". Molecules. MDPI AG. 18 (11): 13228–44. doi:10.3390/molecules181113228. PMC 6270415. PMID 24165582.
^ ^a ^b Freel EM, Shakerdi LA, Friel EC, Wallace AM, Davies E, Fraser R, Connell JM (septembar 2004). "Studies on the origin of circulating 18-hydroxycortisol and 18-oxocortisol in normal human subjects". The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 89 (9): 4628–33. doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0379. PMC 1283128. PMID 15356073.
^ Nicod J, Dick B, Frey FJ, Ferrari P (februar 2004). "Mutation analysis of CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 in patients with increased 18-hydroxycortisol production". Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 214 (1–2): 167–74. doi:10.1016/j.mce.2003.10.056. PMID 15062555.
^ Lenders JW, Williams TA, Reincke M, Gomez-Sanchez CE (januar 2018). "DIAGNOSIS OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: 18-Oxocortisol and 18-hydroxycortisol: is there clinical utility of these steroids?". European Journal of Endocrinology. 178 (1): R1–R9. doi:10.1530/EJE-17-0563. PMC 5705277. PMID 28904009.
^ Miller WL (2019). "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: Time to Replace 17OHP with 21-Deoxycortisol". Hormone Research in Paediatrics. 91 (6): 416–420. doi:10.1159/000501396. PMID 31450227. S2CID 201733086.
^ Hanukoglu I, Privalle CT, Jefcoate CR (maj 1981). "Mechanisms of ionic activation of adrenal mitochondrial cytochromes P-450scc and P-45011 beta" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 256 (9): 4329–35. PMID 6783659.
^ Rapoport R, Sklan D, Hanukoglu I (mart 1995). "Electron leakage from the adrenal cortex mitochondrial P450scc and P450c11 systems: NADPH and steroid dependence". Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 317 (2): 412–6. doi:10.1006/abbi.1995.1182. PMID 7893157.
^ Hanukoglu I, Feuchtwanger R, Hanukoglu A (novembar 1990). "Mechanism of corticotropin and cAMP induction of mitochondrial cytochrome P450 system enzymes in adrenal cortex cells" (PDF). J. Biol. Chem. 265 (33): 20602–8. PMID 2173715.

Dopunska literatura

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Stowasser M, Gunasekera TG, Gordon RD (decembar 2001). "Familial varieties of primary aldosteronism". Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 28 (12): 1087–90. doi:10.1046/j.1440-1681.2001.03574.x. PMID 11903322. S2CID 23091842.
Helmberg A, Ausserer B, Kofler R (novembar 1992). "Frame shift by insertion of 2 basepairs in codon 394 of CYP11B1 causes congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 75 (5): 1278–81. doi:10.1210/jc.75.5.1278. PMID 1430088.
Pascoe L, Curnow KM, Slutsker L, Connell JM, Speiser PW, New MI, White PC (septembar 1992). "Glucocorticoid-suppressible hyperaldosteronism results from hybrid genes created by unequal crossovers between CYP11B1 and CYP11B2". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (17): 8327–31. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.8327P. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.17.8327. PMC 49911. PMID 1518866.
Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Toda K, Yokoyama Y, Miyahara K, Miura S, Ohnishi T, Ichikawa Y, Nakao K, Imura H (februar 1992). "Role of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase and steroid 18-hydroxylase in the biosynthesis of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids in humans". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 (4): 1458–62. Bibcode:1992PNAS...89.1458K. doi:10.1073/pnas.89.4.1458. PMC 48470. PMID 1741400.
White PC, Dupont J, New MI, Leiberman E, Hochberg Z, Rösler A (maj 1991). "A mutation in CYP11B1 (Arg-448----His) associated with steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency in Jews of Moroccan origin". J. Clin. Invest. 87 (5): 1664–7. doi:10.1172/JCI115182. PMC 295260. PMID 2022736.
Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Toda K, Miyahara K, Yokoyama Y, Nakao K, Hosoda K, Yamamoto Y, Imura H, Shizuta Y (septembar 1990). "Cloning of cDNA and genomic DNA for human cytochrome P-45011 beta". FEBS Lett. 269 (2): 345–9. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(90)81190-Y. PMID 2401360. S2CID 35151332.
Mornet E, Dupont J, Vitek A, White PC (decembar 1989). "Characterization of two genes encoding human steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P-450(11) beta)". J. Biol. Chem. 264 (35): 20961–7. PMID 2592361.
Chua SC, Szabo P, Vitek A, Grzeschik KH, John M, White PC (oktobar 1987). "Cloning of cDNA encoding steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase (P450c11)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 84 (20): 7193–7. Bibcode:1987PNAS...84.7193C. doi:10.1073/pnas.84.20.7193. PMC 299256. PMID 3499608.
Naiki Y, Kawamoto T, Mitsuuchi Y, Miyahara K, Toda K, Orii T, Imura H, Shizuta Y (decembar 1993). "A nonsense mutation (TGG [Trp116]-->TAG [Stop]) in CYP11B1 causes steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency". J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 77 (6): 1677–82. doi:10.1210/jc.77.6.1677. PMID 7903314.
Joehrer K, Geley S, Strasser-Wozak EM, Azziz R, Wollmann HA, Schmitt K, Kofler R, White PC (oktobar 1997). "CYP11B1 mutations causing non-classic adrenal hyperplasia due to 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiency". Hum. Mol. Genet. 6 (11): 1829–34. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.11.1829. PMID 9302260.
Cargill M, Altshuler D, Ireland J, Sklar P, Ardlie K, Patil N, Shaw N, Lane CR, Lim EP, Kalyanaraman N, Nemesh J, Ziaugra L, Friedland L, Rolfe A, Warrington J, Lipshutz R, Daley GQ, Lander ES (juli 1999). "Characterization of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in coding regions of human genes". Nat. Genet. 22 (3): 231–8. doi:10.1038/10290. PMID 10391209. S2CID 195213008.
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Cao PR, Bernhardt R (juni 1999). "Interaction of CYP11B1 (cytochrome P-45011 beta) with CYP11A1 (cytochrome P-450scc) in COS-1 cells". Eur. J. Biochem. 262 (3): 720–6. doi:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00414.x. PMID 10411633.
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Vanjski linkovi

Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase na US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Šablon:Oksigenaze Šablon:Steroid hidroksilaze

Portal Metabolizam

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000160882 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000022589 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid1303253-5] Lifton RP, Dluhy RG, Powers M, Rich GM, Gutkin M, Fallo F, et al. (septembar 1992). "Hereditary hypertension caused by chimaeric gene duplications and ectopic expression of aldosterone synthase". Nature Genetics. 2 (1): 66–74. doi:10.1038/ng0992-66. PMID 1303253. S2CID 975796.

[entrez-6] "Entrez Gene: CYP11B1 cytochrome P450, family 11, subfamily B, polypeptide 1". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Pristupljeno 30. 11. 2020. This gene encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the mitochondrial inner membrane and is involved in the conversion of progesterone to cortisol in the adrenal cortex. Mutations in this gene cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 11-beta-hydroxylase deficiency. Transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been noted for this gene.

[7] Zöllner A, Kagawa N, Waterman MR, Nonaka Y, Takio K, Shiro Y, et al. (februar 2008). "Purification and functional characterization of human 11beta hydroxylase expressed in Escherichia coli". The FEBS Journal. 275 (4): 799–810. doi:10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06253.x. PMID 18215163. S2CID 45997341.

[UniProt-8] "UniProt, P15538" (jezik: engleski). Pristupljeno 16. 9. 2021.

[pmid6096625-9] Dörr HG, Kuhnle U, Holthausen H, Bidlingmaier F, Knorr D (novembar 1984). "Etomidate: a selective adrenocortical 11 beta-hydroxylase inhibitor". Klinische Wochenschrift. 62 (21): 1011–3. doi:10.1007/bf01711722. PMID 6096625. S2CID 20077711.

[Lake2004-10] Lake CL (7. 12. 2004). Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. str. 68. ISBN 978-0-7817-5175-9. Pristupljeno 30. 4. 2012.

[pmid7988480-11] White PC, Curnow KM, Pascoe L (august 1994). "Disorders of steroid 11 beta-hydroxylase isozymes". Endocrine Reviews. 15 (4): 421–38. doi:10.1210/edrv-15-4-421. PMID 7988480.

[s2cid81304246-12] White PC, Curnow KM, Pascoe L (2013). "Steroid 11β-Hydroxylase Isozymes (CYP11B1 and CYP11B2)". Handbook of experimental pharmacology. 105: 641–650. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77763-9_41. S2CID 81304246.

[pmid22145132-13] Gupta V (oktobar 2011). "Mineralocorticoid hypertension". Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism. 15 Suppl 4 (8): S298–312. doi:10.4103/2230-8210.86972. PMC 3230101. PMID 22145132.

[pmid23322723-14] Strushkevich N, Gilep AA, Shen L, Arrowsmith CH, Edwards AM, Usanov SA, Park HW (februar 2013). "Structural insights into aldosterone synthase substrate specificity and targeted inhibition". Molecular Endocrinology. 27 (2): 315–24. doi:10.1210/me.2012-1287. PMC 5417327. PMID 23322723.

[pmid29277707-15] van Rooyen D, Gent R, Barnard L, Swart AC (april 2018). "The in vitro metabolism of 11β-hydroxyprogesterone and 11-ketoprogesterone to 11-ketodihydrotestosterone in the backdoor pathway". The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 178: 203–212. doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.12.014. PMID 29277707. S2CID 3700135.

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