Andrej Saharov

Andrej Saharov
Rođenje (1921-05-21) 21. maj 1921.
Istaknuti studentiErast Gliner

Andrej Dmitrijevič Saharov (ruski: Андрей Дмитриевич Сахаров, ru) (21. maj 1921. – 14 decembar 1989.), bio je sovjetski fizičar i dobitnik Nobelove nagrade za mir, koju je dobio 1975. za isticanje ljudskih prava širom svijeta

Iako je svoju karijeru u fizici proveo u sovjetskom programu nuklearnog oružja, nadgledajući razvoj termonuklearnog oružja, Saharov je također radio na fundamentalnom radu u razumijevanju fizike čestica, magnetizma i fizičke kosmologije. Saharov je uglavnom poznat po svom političkom aktivizmu za slobodu pojedinca, ljudska prava, građanske slobode i reforme u Rusiji, zbog čega je smatran disidentom i suočen s progonom od strane sovjetskog establišmenta.[1]

U sjećanje na njega, ustanovljena je nagrada Saharov, koju Evropski parlament svake godine dodjeljuje za ljude i organizacije posvećene ljudskim pravima i slobodama.[2]

Biografija

Porodično porijeklo i rani život

Andrej Dmitrijevič Saharov rođen je u Moskvi 21. maja 1921. godine u ruskoj porodici. Njegov otac, Dmitrij Ivanovič Saharov, bio je profesor fizike na Drugom moskovskom državnom univerzitetu i pijanista amater.[3][4] Njegov djed, Ivan, bio je advokat u bivšem Ruskom carstvu koji je pokazivao poštovanje prema društvenoj svijesti i humanitarnim principima (uključujući zalaganje za ukidanje smrtne kazne). Saharovljeva majka, Jekaterina Aleksejevna Sofijano, bila je ćerka Alekseja Semenoviča Sofijana, generala carske ruske armije grčkog porijekla.[5][6]

Podrška mirnoj upotrebi nuklearne tehnologije

Godine 1950. predložio je ideju za kontrolirani nuklearni fuzijski reaktor, tokamak, koji je još uvijek osnova za većinu radova u tom području. Saharov, u saradnji sa Tammom, predložio je ograničavanje ekstremno vruće jonizovane plazme magnetnim poljima u obliku torusa za kontrolu termonuklearne fuzije koja je dovela do razvoja uređaja tokamaka.[7]

Fizika čestica i kosmologija

Nakon 1965. Saharov se vratio fundamentalnoj nauci i počeo da radi na fizici čestica i fizičkoj kosmologiji.[8][9][10][11]

2D didaktička slika Saharovljevog modela svemira sa preokretom strele vremena

Pokušao je da objasni barionsku asimetriju univerzuma; u tom pogledu, on je prvi dao teorijsku motivaciju za raspad protona. Protonski raspad je predložio Wigner 1949. i 1952.[12]

Saharov i Boner 1989

Saharov je 1973. bio nominovan za Nobelovu nagradu za mir, a 1974. godine dobio je Prix mondial Cino Del Duca .

Saharov s američkim predsjednikom Ronaldom Reaganom 1988
Andrej Saharov o sovjetskim dobitnicima Nobelove nagrade za mir, marka SSSR-a izdata 14. maja 1991.

Reference

  1. ^ "Sakharov Human Rights Prize 25th anniversary marked in US". Voice of America. 15. 1. 2014.
  2. ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons and Human Rights". American Institute of Physics. Arhivirano s originala, Dec 31, 2015.
  3. ^ "Andrei Sakharov - Facts". Nobel Prize. Pristupljeno 24. 11. 2020.
  4. ^ Sidney David Drell, Sergeǐ Petrovich Kapitsa, Sakharov Remembered: a tribute by friends and colleagues (1991), p. 4
  5. ^ Bonner, Yelena. Об А.Д. Сахарове (jezik: ruski). Arhivirano s originala, 14. 11. 2010. Pristupljeno 2. 11. 2009.
  6. ^ Греки в Красноярском крае (Материалы из книги И. Джухи "Греческая операция НКВД") (jezik: ruski). Arhivirano s originala, 8. 4. 2010. Pristupljeno 2. 11. 2009.
  7. ^ "Andrei Sakharov: Soviet Physics, Nuclear Weapons and Human Rights". Arhivirano s originala, 28. 8. 2014. Pristupljeno 10. 10. 2010.
  8. ^ Sakharov, A. D. (juli 1965). Начальная стадия расширения Вселенной и возникновение неоднородности распределения вещества. Pi'sma ZhÉTF (jezik: ruski). 49 (1): 345–358. Translated as: Sakharov, A. D. (januar 1966). "The Initial Stage of an Expanding Universe and the Appearance of a Nonuniform Distribution of Matter" (PDF). JETP. 22 (1): 241–249. Bibcode:1966JETP...22..241S. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 9. 10. 2022.
  9. ^ Sakharov, A. D. (januar 1967). Кварк–мюонные токи и нарушение СР–инвариантности. Pi'sma ZhÉTF (jezik: ruski). 5 (1): 36–39. Translated as: Sakharov, A. D. (januar 1967). "Quark-Muonic Currents and Violation of CP Invariance" (PDF). JETP Letters. 5 (1): 27–30. Bibcode:1967JETPL...5...27S. Arhivirano s originala (PDF), 9. 10. 2022.
  10. ^ Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR 177, 70 (1967) [trans. Sov. Phys.-Dokl. 12, 1040 (1968)]
  11. ^ Paper at seminar, Phys. Inst. Acad. Sci., June 1970
  12. ^ E. P. Wigner, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 93, 521 (1949); Proc. Natl.Ac'ad. Sci. (U. S.) 38, 449 (1952)

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