Опорно-двигателна система

Опорно-двигателната система включва костите, свързани в скелета, и мускулите. Скелетът е пасивната част на опорно-двигателната система, а мускулите-активната. Те заедно осигуряват преместването на тялото в пространството. Някои кости имат и допълнителна функция – защитна. Те образуват кухини, в които са разположени важни органи – мозък, гръбначен мозък, сърцето, белите дробове. Костите са изградени от костна тъкан, хрущялна, влакнеста, мрежеста, съединителна. В междуклетъчното пространство се намират вещества, които придават определени свойства на костите.

Минералните соли ги правят твърди, а органичните вещества – еластични. Когато се роди детето – преобладават органичните вещества. Затова децата са с еластични и меки кости. С времето количеството на органичните вещества намалява, а се увеличават минералните соли – костите стават чупливи и твърди. Костната тъкан е изградена от плътно и гъбесто вещество. Те придават издръжливост и здравина на костите. Съществува закономерност при подреждането на плътното и гъбестото вещество в зависимост от натоварването на костта. Спазва се принципа: Най-голяма издръжливост при изразходване на най-малко количество костно вещество. Относително голяма лекота съчетана със значителна здравина. Коста отвън е покрита с надкостница. Тя е богато кръвоснабдена – така изхранва костта.

1. Дълги кости – те осигуряват бързи движения с голям размах. Наподобяват лостове. Дългите кости са изградени от тяло и два края. Тялото е изградено от плътно костно вещество в средата на което има канал. При новородените е изпълнен с червен костен мозък – произвежда кръв. С нарастване на организма преминава в жълт костен мозък и изгубва кръвотворната функция. Тялото прилича на цилиндър, а краищата са удебелени и са изградени от гъбесто вещество. Една част от тях е покрита с хрущял образуващ става.

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