Арабски завоевания

Арабско-ислямските завоевания (на арабски: الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya), наричани също арабски завоевания[1], [2] и ранни ислямски завоевания[3], [4] (за да се отличават от по-късното разпространение на исляма) започват още по времето на пророка Мохамед, който става управник на цяла Южна Арабия през VII век. При неговите приемници от Праведния и Омаядския халифат започва столетие на експанзия. През 711 г. арабските армии вече са покорили Северна Африка чак до Атлантическия океан. Оттам те се насочват на север, прекосяват Гибралтарския проток и завладяват Иберийския полуостров, който наричат Ал Андалус. Пет години по-късно арабите нападат Константинопол по суша и море. В апогея си тяхната империя се простира от границите на Китай и Индия през Централна Азия и обхваща Близкия Изток, цяла Северна Африка и части от европейския континент (Пиренейски полуостров и Сицилия).

Поредицата завоевания, извършени през VII – VIII век, са определяни като „едно от най-значителните събития в световната история“, довело да създаването на „нова цивилизация“ – ислямизирания и арабизиран Близък Изток.[5] Ислямът, дотогава ограничен в Арабския полуостров, се превръща в голяма световна религия, а синтезът на арабски, римски и персийски културни елементи водят до възникването на самобитен нов стил в изкуството и архитектурата на Близкия Изток.[6]

Военни селища

 Основна статия: Арабски военни селища

Арабските завоеватели предпочитат да се заселват във военни лагери. Всеки от тях има формата на кръг (за разлика от римските и персийските лагери, които са квадратни) и е обграден със земен вал. Във вътрешността на кръга се разполагат палатките на завоевателите, мнозинството от които остават верни на бедуинския начин на живот. Такива лагери възникват в Ирак (Куфа през 636 г. и Басра през 638 г.), в Египет (Фустат през 642 г.) и в Африка (Кайруан ок. 670 г.). Около арабските военни лагери се заселват местни жители и приходящи, възникват цели села или квартали на занаятчии, търговци, наемни работници, проститутки и престъпници. Завоевателите водят със себе си големи групи от роби. Така арабските военни лагери се превръщат в многолюдни градове, центрове на разпространение на ислямската вяра. През VIII в. Басра и Куфа са вече големи градове-пристанища, а през Х в. Фустат става ядрото на новата египетска столица Кайро[7].

Източници

  1. ↑ Hoyland 2014.
  2. ↑ Kennedy 2007.
  3. ↑ Kaegi 1995.
  4. ↑ Donner 2014.
  5. ↑ Nicolle 2009, с. 91.
  6. ↑ Nicolle 2009, с. 80 – 84.
  7. ↑ Хронологична енциклопедия на света, Т. VI. В. Търново, Издателство ЕЛИПС, 752 с.

Литература

Арабски завоевания през VII – VIII век
Византия
Левант (Сирия) (634–638)  •  Египет (639-646)  •  Северна Африка (647–709)  • Крит (827–961)  •  Сицилия (827–902)  •  Южна Италия  •  Кипър • Обсада на Константинопол  •  Тбилиски емират (736)  •  Армения (645)
Вестготско кралство
Сасаниди
Средна Азия

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