Анхидрид

За неорганичен анхидрид виж киселинен оксид.

Киселинният анхидрид или за краткост само анхидрид е органично съединение, което има две ацилни групи.[1] Най-често двата ацилни остатъка произхождат от една и съща карбоксилна киселина, като формулата на анхидрида е (RC(O))2O. Симетрични анхидриди от този вид се именуват като думата киселина в изходното съединение се замести с анхидрид.[2] Така (CH3CO)2O се нарича оцетен анхидрид и е продукт на дехидратирането на оцетна киселина.

Важни анхидриди

Оцетният анхидрид е главен промишлен химичен реагент, широко използван за производството на ацетатни естери, напр. целулозен ацетат. Малеиновият анхидрид е прекурсор на различни видове смоли, получени при полимеризацията му със стирен.[3]

Некарбоксилни анхидриди

Анхидриди на други органични киселини

Едната или двете групи на анхидрида могат да произхождат от друга некарбоксилна органична киселина, като например сулфонова киселина или фосфонова киселина.

Анхидрид на неорганична киселина

Една от групите на анхидрида може да произхожда от неорганична киселина, напр. фосфорна киселина. Анхидридът 1,3-бифосфоглицерат, който е междинен метаболит в гликолизата,[4] е анхидрит на 3-фосхоглицериновата киселина и фосфорната киселина.

Синтез

Оцетен анхидрид се получава главно от карбонирането (включване на въглероден оксид СО) на метил ацетат (CH3COOCH3).[5] Малеиновият анхидрид чрез окисление на бензен или бутан. В лабораторни условия се прилага дехидратиране на желаните киселини. Условията варират при различните киселини, но фосфорният пероксид е най-честият дехидратиращ агент.

2 CH3COOH + P4O10 → CH3C(O)OC(O)CH3 (оцетен анхидрид) + "(HO)2P4O9"

Киселинните хлориди също са добри прекурсори:[6]

CH3C(O)Cl + HCO2Na → HCO2COCH3 + NaCl

Различни анхидриди, съдържащи ацетилна група, се синтезират от кетен:

RCO2H + H2C=C=O → RCO2C(O)CH3

Реакции

RC(O)OC(O)R + HY → RC(O)Y + RCO2H

HY = HOR (алкохоли), HNR'2 (NH3, амини: първични, вторични), ароматен пръстен

Серни анхидриди

Сяра може да замества кислорода в карбонилната група или като свързващ мост. Например (тиоацетен) анхидрид (CH3C(S)OC(S)CH3). Когато двете ацилни групи са свързани чрез сяра, полученото съединение се нарича тиоанхидрид.[2] например оцетен тиоанхидрид ((CH3C(O))2S).

Дианхидриди

Дианхидридите са молекули с два свързващи кислородни атома и три ацилно остатъка. Те се използват главно за синтеза на полиимиди и понякога полиестери и полиамиди.

Източници

  1. IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "acid anhydrides".
  2. а б IUPAC, the Blue Book; Oxford: Blackwell Science (1993). ISBN 0-632-03488-2. Online edition: Recommendation R-R-5.7.7.. pp. 123–25.
  3. Heimo Held, Alfred Rengstl, Dieter Mayer Acetic Anhydride and Mixed Fatty Acid Anhydrides Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.
  4. Nelson, D. L.; Cox, M. M. Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry 3rd Ed. Worth Publishing: New York, 2000. ISBN 1-57259-153-6.
  5. Zoeller, J. R.; Agreda, V. H.; Cook, S. L.; Lafferty, N. L.; Polichnowski, S. W.; Pond, D. M. Eastman Chemical Company Acetic Anhydride Process Catalysis Today (1992), volume 13, pp.73-91. doi:10.1016/0920-5861(92)80188-S
  6. Acetic Formic Anhydride // Org. Synth. 1988.; Coll. Vol., 6, 8 

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