Óvulu

Óvulu
tipo de célula (es) Traducir
gametu y oocito (es) Traducir
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Los óvulos son les célules sexuales o gametos femeninos. [1]Son célules grandes, esfériques ya inmóviles. Dende la pubertá, cada 28 díes aproximao, maurez un ovocito n'unu de los ovarios y pasa a una de les trompes de falopio, mientres el denomináu ciclu menstrual, esti cuando se fecunda por un espermatozoide convertir nun cigotu.

Fueron descubiertos y descritos per primer vegada en 1827Ovi Mammalium et Hominis genesi—, pol biólogu Karl Ernst von Baer, quien depués de realizar esperimentos d'encruz de mamíferos, llogró identificalos como'l gametu femenín.

N'animales

Nos animales, incluyíu Homo sapiens, el óvulu ye'l gametu femenín (célula sexual femenina), una célula haploide producida pol ovariu portadora del material xenético y capaz de ser fecundada por un espermatozoide, formándose entós un cigotu.

Dibuxu esquemáticu d'una corte d'un óvulu humanu y de célules de la corona radiada post ovulación (Gray's Anatomy, 1911)

Los óvulos son célules haploides formaes nos ovarios pola subdivisión por meiosis d'un ovocito primariu en dos ovocitos secundarios, y éstos nun óvulu y dos "cuerpos polares". Esti procesu, llamáu ovogénesis, manifiéstase macroscópicamente al traviés del procesu periódicu de la ovulación.

La primera de los dos divisiones meióticas —qu'amenorga'l númberu de cromosomes— empecipiar mientres el desenvolvimientu embrionariu y queda atayada mientres la profase. Volver# a entamar a partir de la pubertá, cuando en cada ciclu maurez un ovocito y el folículo que lo envolubra, completándose la primer división —que produz un ovocito secundariu— y empecipiándose la segunda. La segunda división meiótica —que xenera l'óvulu maduru— queda de la mesma atayada, y nun se completa hasta que nun asocede la fecundación, si ye qu'ésta llega a producise. Depués de completar la meiosis de les ovogonies, amás d'un ovocito formaríense dos cuerpos polares, el primeru siendo la célula hermana del ovocito secundariu, y el segundu la del óvulu.

Mientres los cuerpos polares son célules relativamente pequeñes, los óvulos son les célules haploides más avolumaes del cuerpu humanu. La membrana plasmática d'un ovocito llámase ovolema y tien un papel importante nel procesu de la fecundación.

En plantes

Nes plantes llámase óvulos a los primordios seminales, que son megasporangios, ente que los gametos femeninos reciben el nome de oosferas.

Referencies

  1. Campos, Patricia (2002). Biologia/ Biology (en castellanu). Editorial Limusa. ISBN 9789681860783. Consultáu'l 1 d'agostu de 2017.

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