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Wu Yong
Wu Yong
Water Margin character
	Wu Yong in a painting by Utagawa Kuniyoshi
First appearance	Chapter 14
Nickname	"Knowledgeable Star"; 智多星
Also known as	Xuejiu; 學究
Rank	3rd, Knowledge Star (天機星) of 36 Heavenly Spirits
Chief strategist of Liangshan
Origin	Teacher
Ancestral home / Place of origin	Yuncheng County, Shandong
Weapon	Bronze hammer
Names
Simplified Chinese	吴用
Traditional Chinese	吳用
Pinyin	Wú Yòng
Wade–Giles	Wu Yung

Wu Yong is a fictional character in Water Margin, one of the Four Great Chinese Classical Novels. Nicknamed "Knowledgeable Star", he ranks third among the 36 Heavenly Spirits, the first third of the 108 Stars of Destiny.

Background

The novel portrays Wu Yong as having a fair and handsome face and a long beard – typical features of shrewd learned men in Chinese literature. When Wu Yong is still an ordinary teacher in a village school in Yuncheng County, he is already likened by some to Zhuge Liang and Chen Ping, two famous strategists of the Han dynasty, for his astuteness and perspicacity. He is hence nicknamed "Knowledgeable Star".

Robbing the convoy of birthday gifts

Wu Yong first appears in the book when he watches from his village school Lei Heng, a chief constable of Yuncheng, fight the vagabond Liu Tang. Liu has come from afar to ask Chao Gai, the headman of Dongxi Village, to partner him to hijack valuables being transported to the Grand Tutor Cai Jing in the imperial capital Dongjing. But he was tied up by Lei's patrol group while sleeping drunk in a temple because he looked suspicious to Lei. Chao Gai tricked Lei to release Liu by pretending that the latter is his nephew when the group came to take a rest at his manor. But Liu, embittered by the uncalled-for arrest, caught up with Lei to demand the money that Chao has given him as compensation for causing him much trouble. Wu Yong, who is a friend of Chao, steps forth to stop the fight when he senses Lei is about to lose to Liu. Chao too comes to the scene and puts an end to the fray.

Taking Wu to his house, Chao Gai discloses Liu's heist proposal. Wu suggests roping in the three Ruan brothers as the current team of three is too small. He goes to the fishing village where the fisherman brothers live, pretending that he has come to buy fish from them. Step by step he coaxes them to reveal they are unhappy with their poverty and want a change in their lives. When he is sure that the brothers are disgruntled and loathe the oppression by officials, Wu reveals his real purpose in calling. The Ruans welcome the invitation. The team at last comprises seven people, with Gongsun Sheng, a Taoist priest, joining in.

Wu devises the hijack plan, which involves Bai Sheng, a loafer who has once received help from Chao Gai. Bai poses as a wine seller while the seven disguise themselves as date merchants, with Yellow Mud Ridge identified as where they would strike. Bai crosses the ridge carrying two buckets of wine when Chao's group and the gift-escorting party led by Yang Zhi are resting there in the shades of trees away from the blazing sun. Yang forbids his men, who are extremely thirsty, to buy any wine from Bai out of caution. Then Chao's group buy a bucket from him. Liu Tang pretends to want a free scoop from the second bucket. As soon as he has had a sip, Bai snatches the ladle from him and pours the remaining wine, now laced with drug, back into the bucket. As both buckets seem safe, with Liu looking all right from the sip he stole from the remaining one, the soldiers badger Yang Zhi to allow them to quench their thirst. Yang relents and even he himself takes a sip. Once they become numb in their limbs and fall over, the seven men cart away the valuables.

Becoming an outlaw

Mad over the loss of the valuables, which are his birthday gift to his father-in-law Cai Jing, Grand Secretary Liang Shijie of Daming Prefecture orders Jizhou to quickly track down the robbers. Jizhou's authorities soon detect clues and send constables to arrest the group in Chao Gai's house. However, with help of the magistrate's clerk Song Jiang and the two chief constables Zhu Tong and Lei Heng, Chao Gai gets away with Wu Yong, Gongsun Sheng and Liu Tang. They take refuge in the house of the Ruan brothers. There Wu Yong sets a plan that lures the constables who come for them into the marsh. Unfamiliar with the place, the pursuers are mown down by the robbers. The group then seek refuge in Liangshan Marsh.

Wang Lun, the leader of Liangshan, is unwilling to accept the group, fearing they would usurp his position. Sensing that Lin Chong, who has joined Liangshan earlier but has been cold-shouldered, resents Wang, Wu Yong instigates him to kill the leader. Chao Gai is then elected the new chief of Liangshan, with Wu Yong taking second position. Then, Wu deploys the men of Liangshan for a battle that wipes out the soldiers sent from Jizhou to eliminate them.

All his time at Liangshan Wu Yong is the band's chief strategist. He uses his wiles to force several heroes held in esteem by Liangshan, such as Lu Junyi, Xu Ning and Zhu Tong, to join the stronghold. His astute mind helps Liangshan clinch victories in many military campaigns.

Death

Wu Yong and Gongsun Sheng are appointed as Liangshan's top strategists after the 108 Stars of Destiny all came together in what is called the Grand Assembly, but Wu apparently enjoys higher standing than Gongsun.

Wu Yong assists Song to become Liangshan's chief after Chao Gai died, although Chao's last word is that his successor is whoever captures the person who shot him. Lu Junyi seizes Shi Wengong, Chao's killer, but he faces widespread opposition apparently abetted by Wu. In the end Lu takes second position after Song.

Wu Yong is skeptical about Song Jiang's quest for imperial amnesty, but he casts his lot with him nevertheless. Without his support, Song could not have sold the idea to the rest. Following amnesty from Emperor Huizong, the Liangshan outlaws are sent to beat back invaders of the Liao Empire and put down rebel forces in Song territory. Wu Yong's strategies help Liangshan win many battles.

Wu Yong is one of the few Liangshan heroes who survive the Emperor-ordered campaigns. He is awarded an appointment at a prefecture for his contributions. One night, Song Jiang and Li Kui appear in his dream, telling him that they have been poisoned by corrupt officials in the imperial court. Wu Yong travels to Song's grave in Chuzhou (楚州; present-day Huai'an, Jiangsu), where he meets Hua Rong, who has had a similar dream. Overcome with grief, they hang themselves from a tree near the grave.

References

Buck, Pearl S. (2006). All Men are Brothers. Moyer Bell. ISBN 9781559213035.
Miyazaki, Ichisada (1993). Suikoden: Kyoko no naka no Shijitsu (in Japanese). Chuo Koronsha. ISBN 978-4122020559.
Keffer, David. "Outlaws of the Marsh: A Somewhat Less Than Critical Commentary". Poison Pie Publishing House. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Li, Mengxia (1992). 108 Heroes from the Water Margin (in Chinese). EPB Publishers. p. 7. ISBN 9971-0-0252-3.
Miyamoto, Yoko (2011). "Water Margin: Chinese Robin Hood and His Bandits". Demystifying Confucianism. Retrieved 19 December 2016.
Shibusawa, Kou (1989), Bandit Kings of Ancient China, Koei, pp. 56, 76, 88–89, 93–96
Zhang, Lin Ching (2009). Biographies of Characters in Water Margin. Writers Publishing House. ISBN 978-7506344784.