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Women of Twilight
Women of Twilight
Directed by	Gordon Parry
Written by	Anatole de Grunwald
Based on	Women of Twilight; 1951 play; by Sylvia Rayman
Produced by	Daniel M. Angel
Starring	Freda Jackson; Rene Ray; Lois Maxwell
Cinematography	Jack Asher
Music by	Allan Gray
Production; company	Romulus Films
Distributed by	British Lion Films
Release date	23 February 1953;
Running time	89 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	£49,216
Box office	£154,620

Women of Twilight (also known as Twilight Women) is a 1952 film directed by Gordon Parry starring Freda Jackson, Rene Ray and Lois Maxwell, with a screenplay by Anatole de Grunwald.^[3] It was based on the 1951 play by Sylvia Rayman. It was the first British film to receive the recently introduced X certificate.^[4]

Plot

"The scene throughout is a semi-basement living room in a house near London, a grim and sordid place inhabited for sleeping and eating by a motley group of unmarried young women with babies - already born or about to be hustled into an unfriendly world. The 'proprietress' - a sadistic, unscrupulous woman called Helen Allistair - though a qualified nurse, exploits these unfortunate outcasts from society until one of them - the despairing girl Vivianne, whose gangster lover is hanged and who has nothing to lose - discovers this ghoulish creature's baby-farming activities. Vivianne, whose baby is shortly to be born, faces Mrs Allistair with her accusation, is brutally assaulted and almost loses her life. In the end justice is done, and Mrs Allistair gets her just desserts."^[5]

Cast

Helen Allistair - Freda Jackson
Vivianne Bruce - Rene Ray
Christine Ralston - Lois Maxwell
Jerry Nolan - Laurence Harvey
Jess Smithson - Vida Hope
Rosie Gordon - Joan Dowling
Olga Lambert - Dora Bryan
Sally - Dorothy Gordon
Lilli - Ingeborg Wells
Veronica - Mary Germaine
Molly - Clare James
nurse - Betty Henderson
uncredited - Arthur Mullard
uncredited - Dandy Nichols

Production

Completing production in the second week of June 1952, the film version was made at the Gate Studios, Borehamwood and retained Rene Ray, Vida Hope and Betty Henderson from the original West End production. Freda Jackson and Joan Dowling were cast in key roles reminiscent of the parts they had played in the 1945 play No Room at the Inn and its 1948 film version.

John and James Woolf of Romulus Films had first enquired about the property even before its presentation at the Embassy Theatre; the leading players they had in mind at this early stage were Flora Robson and Ida Lupino.^[6] Among the changes made to Rayman's play was the introduction of Vivianne's condemned lover Jerry Nolan (called Johnny Stanton in the play), a role assigned to the Woolf contract player Laurence Harvey. In addition, the enigmatic character of Laura became a continental boarder called Lilli. The British Board of Film Censors objected to some of the script's dialogue; to ensure an X certificate, "your rotten little bastards" had to be changed to "your rotten little brats", "you sanctimonious little bitch" to "you sanctimonious little fool" and "I was raped" to "I was taken advantage of." Caution was also advised regarding the climactic scene in which Helen throws the pregnant Vivianne down a flight of stairs.^[7] According to producer Daniel Angel, his original plan had been to couple the film with another 'social problem' picture (again based on a controversial play), Cosh Boy directed by Lewis Gilbert. "Jimmy Woolf had these two stories," he said, "and we made the films with the idea of showing them in cinemas together on the one programme. They turned out better than we'd expected and we showed them separately."^[8]

Release

Trade shown on 4 November 1952, the film opened at the Plaza, Piccadilly Circus in London on 15 January 1953, with general release following from 23 February.

Home media

On 23 February 2010, the films (under their US titles of Twilight Women and The Slasher) were finally united on a double-feature DVD release from VCI Entertainment. The cover design for this release featured Freda Jackson, not in Women of Twilight, but in her other 'vicious landlady' role, Mrs Voray in No Room at the Inn.

Reception

Press responses ranged from "Though grossly overacted by all in sight, the film will draw pity from those who know how harsh the world can be"^[9] to "Before virtue triumphs we are treated to a great deal of horror and degradation ... It is not only rapacious boarding-house keepers and baby-farmers who exploit the misfortunes of unmarried mothers. Where would popular playwrights and film producers be without them?"^[10]

Monthly Film Bulletin, December 1952: "This sordid story has been dealt with in an unimaginative, self-conscious manner, with the emphasis on the sensational ... The film, which infers that it has performed a social duty in bringing these unpleasant facts before the public, could have done better by dropping the pointless initial Soho nightclub scenes, and introducing a sequence showing what social services there are available for the unmarried mother. But Women of Twilight, the first British film to receive an 'X' certificate from the censor, is perhaps scarcely remarkable for truth to life."^[4]

Sunday Dispatch, January 1953: "A study of low life and bad morals in the Russian manner. A houseful of unhappy unmarried mothers will arouse the sympathy of all but the most censorious. Many of the original stage cast repeat their lifelike performances on the screen. If the aim of tragedy is to purge the soul with pity, this is indeed a great tragic film."^[11]

Daily Telegraph, January 1953: "I missed Women of Twilight as a play because I chose to; I saw the film because I must. This study of the conditions in which unmarried mothers live and have their children, and not uncommonly watch them die, is powerful, sordid, disturbing and perhaps not so overdrawn as some good easy people think. If it helps to awaken the public conscience and sharpen official vigilance it will be justified."^[12]

The Star, January 1953: "First thing to be said about Women of Twilight (Plaza) is that it is designed as a shocker - and it shocks ... But if you enjoy watching women snarling, scratching or pulling each other's hair out, in sordid surroundings, this is your picture."^[13]

Daily Sketch, January 1953: "Here is an adult, honest drama which focuses attention on a real-life problem to which none of us should close our eyes. But I warn you; the young actresses - a male face seldom appears in this film - throw themselves wholeheartedly into their sad parts."^[14]

The Spectator, January 1953: "Miss Jackson is an old hand at the silky sinister, the velvet vile, and as usual is admirably alarming. Her wickedness seeps through her mask of virtue like dampness through a newly painted wall; her every sweetness is threaded with a shiver ... This film has all the ingredients of a Grand Guignol, but being underplayed in the true English fashion, and quietly directed by Mr Gordon Parry, it has turned out to be a seemingly plausible record of man's inhumanity to woman and a woman's attempt to cash in on it."^[15]

References

^ Chapman, J. (2022). The Money Behind the Screen: A History of British Film Finance, 1945-1985. Edinburgh University Press p 358
^ Vincent Porter, 'The Robert Clark Account', Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Vol 20 No 4, 2000 p 498
^ BFI.org
^ ^a ^b Monthly Film Bulletin, December 1952
^ Frances Stephens, Theatre World Annual (London), Rockliff Publishing Corporation, 1952
^ Anthony Aldgate and James Crighton Robertson, Censorship in Theatre and Cinema, Edinburgh University Press, 2005
^ Tony Aldgate, 'Women of Twilight, Cosh Boy and the advent of the 'X' certificate', Journal of Popular British Cinema March 2000
^ Brian McFarlane, An Autobiography of British Cinema, Methuen, 1997
^ unsigned review, Daily Herald, 16 January 1953
^ Thomas Spencer, 'Baby-farmer', Daily Worker, 17 January 1953
^ Harris Deans in The Sunday Dispatch, 18 January 1953
^ Campbell Dixon in The Daily Telegraph, 19 January 1953
^ Roy Nash in The Star, 16 January 1953
^ Ray Nunn in The Daily Sketch, 16 January 1953
^ Virginia Graham in The Spectator, 16 January 1953