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White-lored tyrannulet
	White-lored tyrannulet at Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Family:	Tyrannidae
Genus:	Ornithion
Species:	O. inerme
Binomial name
	Ornithion inerme; Hartlaub, 1853

The white-lored tyrannulet (Ornithion inerme) is a species of bird in subfamily Elaeniinae of family Tyrannidae, the tyrant flycatchers. It is found in Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, and Venezuela.^[2]

Taxonomy and systematics

The white-lored tyrannulet is monotypic.^[2]

Description

The white-lored tyrannulet is 8 to 9 cm (3.1 to 3.5 in) long and weighs about 6 to 8 g (0.21 to 0.28 oz). It is a small flycatcher with a rather thick bill. The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a gray crown and nape with a white line from past the eye to past the eye across the forehead and gray lores on an otherwise olive face. Their upperparts are olive. Their wings are blackish with thin greenish yellow edges on the secondaries. Their greater and median wing coverts have pale yellow tips that show as two rows of spots on the closed wing. Their tail is grayish with green edges on the outer feathers. Their throat is whitish and the rest of their underparts mostly pale yellow with a light olivaceous wash on the breast and sides. Both sexes have a dark brown iris, a black bill, and dark gray or black legs and feet. Juveniles have ochraceous wing bars and are otherwise like adults.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^{[excessive citations]}

Distribution and habitat

The white-lored tyrannulet has a disjunct distribution. By far the larger of its two ranges encompasses almost the entire Amazon Basin. It stretches from the base of the Andes of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia east through southern and eastern Venezuela, the Guianas, and almost the entire northern half of Brazil. The species is also found along the southeastern Brazilian coast from Alagoas and Bahia south to Rio de Janeiro state. The white-lored tyrannulet inhabits tropical lowland evergreen forest. It favors the canopy but apparently is more abundant at edges such as along watercourses, lakes, and openings caused by fallen trees. In Colombia it often occurs in terra firme forest and in Brazil in várzea forest. In elevation it ranges from sea level to 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Brazil, to 500 m (1,600 ft) in Colombia, 600 m (2,000 ft) in Ecuador, 1,000 m (3,300 ft) in Peru, and 950 m (3,100 ft) in Venezuela.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^{[excessive citations]}

Behavior

Movement

The white-lored tyrannulet is a year-round resident throughout its range.^[1]

Feeding

The white-lored tyrannulet's behavior is much like that of a vireo (Vireonidae). It feeds almost exclusively on arthropods though details are lacking. It usually forages singly or in pairs in the forest canopy and often joins mixed-species feeding flocks. It takes prey by gleaning from leaves, twigs, and stems while perched, sometimes hanging to reach them. It also feeds by short upward flutter flights and by briefly hovering.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Breeding

The white-lored tyrannulet's breeding biology is almost completely unknown. The only data point to its breading season including December in Peru.^[3]

Songs and calls

Listen to the white-lored tyrannulet on xeno-canto

Vocalization

Many authors note that the white-lored tyrannulet is highly vocal and is heard more often than seen.^[3]^[5]^[6]^[7]^{[excessive citations]} Its song is described as a "persistently repeated, rather high-pitched and wheezy pee, dee-dee-deet or pee, dee-deet"^[5], "a series of thin, rising whistles (usually 3–4): weet-weet-weet?"^[6], and "a high, metallic, and ringing sree-de-de-de; when excited a faster, longer swee'di-di-di-di-d'd'd'd'd'd'ddd, ending in [a] metallic accelerating trill that attenuates somewhat"^[7].

Status

The IUCN has assessed the white-lored tyrannulet as being of Least Concern. It has an extremely large range; its population size is not known and is believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.^[1] It is considered fairly common in Colombia, uncommon to locally fairly common in Ecuador, and fairly common in Peru and Venezuela.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^{[excessive citations]} "Human activity has little short-term direct effect on White-lored Tyrannulet, other than the local effects of habitat destruction."^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c BirdLife International (2016). "White-lored Tyrannulet Ornithion inerme". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22699160A93717141. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22699160A93717141.en. Retrieved 3 October 2024.
^ ^a ^b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Tyrant flycatchers". IOC World Bird List. v 14.2. Retrieved 19 August 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Schulenberg, T. S. and H. Batcheller (2020). White-lored Tyrannulet (Ornithion inerme), version 1.0. In Birds of the World (T. S. Schulenberg, Editor). Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Ithaca, NY, USA. https://doi.org/10.2173/bow.whltyr1.01 retrieved October 3, 2024
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d McMullan, Miles; Donegan, Thomas M.; Quevedo, Alonso (2010). Field Guide to the Birds of Colombia. Bogotá: Fundación ProAves. p. 149. ISBN 978-0-9827615-0-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Ridgely, Robert S.; Greenfield, Paul J. (2001). The Birds of Ecuador: Field Guide. Vol. II. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 458–459. ISBN 978-0-8014-8721-7.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Schulenberg, T.S.; Stotz, D.F.; Lane, D.F.; O'Neill, J.P.; Parker, T.A. III (2010). Birds of Peru. Princeton Field Guides (revised and updated ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 416. ISBN 978-0691130231.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela (second ed.). Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 566.
^ ^a ^b van Perlo, Ber (2009). A Field Guide to the Birds of Brazil. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 296–297. ISBN 978-0-19-530155-7.