CEO of West Coast Customs Ryan Friedlinghaus, in red, poses with three Microsoft employees. Friedlinghaus makes a "W" hand sign as in the opening sequence of Inside West Coast Customs, while the Microsoft employees make V signs.
West Coast Customs (abbreviated by the company[9] as WCC) is an automobile repair shop focusing on the customization of vehicles. It was started by co-founders Ryan Friedlinghaus and Quinton Dodson circa 1994.[1][2] According to Friedlinghaus, he began the business with a $5,000 loan from his grandfather,[10] but other sources claim that he raised the seed money for the business while working at his father's liquor store.[1] Owing to the patronage of celebrities such as Shaquille O'Neal and Sean Combs,[1] along with appearances in the reality television programs Pimp My Ride and Street Customs, the company has gained a high degree of notoriety and has become a multimillion-dollar[2] business.
Besides celebrities, West Coast Customs has also created vehicles for global brands such as Virgin,[10]Nintendo,[11] and Microsoft.[12] It is frequently characterized as one of the best custom car shops in the United States.[13][14][15] However, the company has also at times been accused of missing deadlines,[16][17] using aggressive sales tactics,[17][18] and producing low quality and potentially unsafe customized vehicles.[17][19] Some observers and past employees have also criticized the company's employment practices.[2][20]
It has had some success franchising outside of the United States; it has opened franchises in Dubai,[21] and Shanghai (as Chinese: 西海岸汽车定制).[22][23] Other franchises, however, such as the one in Berlin, closed shortly after opening due to becoming insolvent. With a long history of different locations within the U.S. state of California, its current flagship and largest facility of 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2)[24] is headquartered in Burbank, California.
According to two contradictory statements in the Los Angeles Times, West Coast Customs was founded in either 1994 or 1998[1] by auto enthusiast Ryan Friedlinghaus. In a 2008 article, USA Today put the foundation year as 1997.[2] The legal entity, West Coast Customs International, LLC, was incorporated in California on October 20, 2000.[3] A young Friedlinghaus had gotten his custom vehicles featured on the covers of auto magazines by age 14, but he became frustrated with the tedium of dealing with multiple specialty shops, which led to longer times to build the vehicles. According to Entrepreneur, this frustration, coupled with his love for custom cars, was what led to his opening of his own shop.[25]
The company moved many times in its early years, but it was at its Inglewood location that WCC began to gain a reputation for quality, which caused celebrities to have their cars modified there.[1] According to Friedlinghaus, one of his first customers was Shaquille O'Neal, who wanted a customized Chevrolet Suburban,[26] and this relationship helped him get contacts with other celebrities who were looking for custom automobiles.[27] Owing to this, Music Television (MTV) offered Friedlinghaus the opportunity to have a reality television show filmed at his business with co-founder Quinton "Q" Dodson as the star and rapperXzibit as the host;[28] his acceptance of this deal led to the 2004 TV show Pimp My Ride.[1]
Pimp My Ride was extremely successful, spawning international spin-offs, and its success increased the profile of West Coast Customs substantially.[27][29] The show's format was that the Film producer at MTV would find typical Americans with junk cars, they would be given a short interview with Xzibit, Friedlinghaus and the WCC crew to determine their interests and hobbies, and then WCC staff would take their junk car and transform it into a custom car embodying the interests and personality of its owner. In 2004, CBS News reported that the show consistently ranked first place in the 12 to 34-year-old demographic for its 9:30 pm time slot.[29]
According to a former employee of the company at the time Pimp My Ride was filmed, most of the work on the vehicles was done behind the scenes. Cars and expectations for the final product would arrive on Monday, and employees had until the following Friday to complete a project, sometimes necessitating twelve hour work days. According to this employee, much of the off-screen labor was done by illegal immigrants from Mexico, around eleven in total. As the employees were of WCC and not MTV, MTV was apparently unconcerned about possible ramifications of this for them.[20]
Owing to the popularity of Pimp My Ride, West Coast Customs was prominently featured in the 2005 street racing video game L.A. Rush as the car upgrade mechanism. According to the Chicago Tribune, Midway, the developer of the game, paid "handsomely" to be able to use the brand.[30]
In June 2005, Friedlinghaus took over the role of host from Dodson for the fourth season.[31]
As early as 2005, during airing of the second season of Pimp My Ride, rumors circulated that the location of the show would change and Friedlinghaus would part with MTV to host a show on a different network.[32] These rumors were confirmed with simultaneous announcements by MTV and Friedlinghaus in 2007,[2] after the fourth and final season with WCC as the shop.[27]
In a 2007 interview in the Los Angeles Times that Friedlinghaus gave after the Pimp My Ride relocation from West Coast Customs to Galpin Auto Sports, Friedlinghaus credited Pimp My Ride with helping him build his brand, but said that he felt that his focus on building cars for the television show damaged his relationships with his other customers.[27]
Friedlinghaus speaks with Hewlett-Packard, a client of his, at HP's Global Influencer Summit in 2012 in Shanghai, China.Exterior of GMC Denali West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit.Interior of vehicle West Coast Customs prepared for HP for the 2012 summit.
Street Customs and (Inside) West Coast Customs (2007–2018)
Nevertheless, after leaving Pimp My Ride, Friedlinghaus would almost immediately begin a new television program that aired simultaneously on Discovery Channel and The Learning Channel, Street Customs, produced by Pilgrim Films & Television. Instead of building the cars for the people chosen by MTV, the new show followed ongoing customizations being done for consenting customers of West Coast Customs. Friedlinghaus described the difference between the two shows thus: "I want to build cars on TV, not for TV."[27] While the breakup was described as amicable,[32] others at WCC were not so subdued: Sean Mahaney, a then-employee of WCC, reportedly said "Most of the MTV people are not real car guys... They pay us to build the cars, so we do what they want even if it sucks."[32]
Street Customs would change names twice and networks four times, but its format remained constant. While cars would still be built for individuals, more and more episodes were devoted to brands as the show ran on. Because MTV was no longer footing the bill, all episodes of the new series were about cars built for people who could afford the high cost of customization. Some notable vehicles built for celebrities in Street Customs include one for Carroll Shelby,[33] a Cadillac for Shaquille O'Neal[34] (according to Friedlinghaus, O'Neal had already had 30 cars built for him by WCC by July 2007[27]), a modified Range Rover for an unnamed member of the royal family of Dubai,[35] and a Cadillac CTS-V for Justin Bieber.[36] Brands built for included Chronic Tacos[37] and Vans.[38]
According to Friedlinghaus, in an interview with The Press-Enterprise, the Great Recession affected his business heavily: he had to lay off half of the company's employees, orders decreased, and customers opted to have used cars repaired instead of buying brand new cars to be customized.[39]
After the 2009 season, the show was renamed Inside West Coast Customs. Along with this change, it was also moved to Discovery HD Theater, which later became a different specifically automotive related cable channel, Velocity.[43]
In 2012, Jalopnik reported that the rapper will.i.am and Friedlinghaus organized a publicity stunt wherein will.i.am pretended that his car, a DeLorean modified by West Coast Customs at a cost of $700,000, was stolen. Friedlinghaus then pretended to find the supposedly stolen car. No police report was filed, nor were the police even called; Jalopnik describes the event as a "viral marketing stunt gone badly".[44]
In June 2013, Fox Sports Network took over the production of the show, dropping the word "Inside" from the show's name, and continued to produce new seasons of the show until 2016.[45] In March 2017, the television show moved back to Velocity with a new season;[46] Velocity then renewed the show in January 2018.[47]
On August 29, 2018, it was announced Six Flags Magic Mountain was in the process of constructing a roller coaster named West Coast Racers, which was designed in part by West Coast Customs.[50]
Location changes
The company has moved several times in its history, across 3 different counties in the Los Angeles metropolitan area, each time to larger spaces. According to Friedlinghaus, the first shop was in Laguna Niguel, California, after which it moved to Compton, California, in 1998.[1] In 2000, it moved again to a location on Olive Street in Inglewood, California.[1] After the first season of Pimp My Ride, the company moved yet another time to a larger location in El Segundo, California, near Los Angeles International Airport that had a room specifically for the filming.[1] After Pimp My Ride left the company, it moved to a location in Corona, California, in preparation for the Street Customs television show.[32]
During filming of Season 5 Episode 12 "WCC's New Zip Part 1" of West Coast Customs, Friedlinghaus began moving the shop to its current location, a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2) auto shop on West Empire Avenue in Burbank, Los Angeles County, California.[51] The grand opening of the new facility occurred in December 2014.[52]
Criticism
Mistreatment of employees
As early as 2008, USA Today noted that Friedlinghaus's auto shop routinely had 60-hour work weeks and employees had "insane deadlines" working for Friedlinghaus, a "self-described micromanager".[2] One former employee, Mauricio Hernández, who would go on to co-found the Mexican franchise of WCC, claimed in an interview with NPR that during the period of his employment at the California branch (2004–2009), he worked ten to twelve hours per day, six days per week as an undocumented worker, without Social Security or any other benefits, and that by so doing he "missed...the childhood of [his] kids."[20]
In an interview with Entertainment Scoop, when asked "What does it take to be an employee at West Coast Customs?" Friedlinghaus replied, "Not saying, 'when do I go home?' The guys who want to stay and work and get things done...it's hard to find people that are good...[people who will do] whatever we ask them to do."[53]
On April 23, 2014, after an investigation by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL), the company was found to have violated the provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act.[54] The government found that the company was not paying employees overtime or minimum wage nor keeping proper records. During the investigation, the government found that all employees were paid a weekly salary, regardless of how many hours they worked. Because employees were frequently coerced to work overtime, this resulted in a wage of $6/hour for some employees.[54] Furthermore, until 2011, the company attempted to skirt minimum wage and overtime laws by classifying their on-site exclusive long-term employees as independent contractors, which is illegal in the United States.[54]
When presented with the opportunity to go to court or pay the fine assessed by USDOL, Friedlinghaus chose to pay the fine, which amounted to $157,592 in back wages for the wronged employees and $16,830 in civil penalties.[54] In an interview with The Press-Enterprise after the fine was paid, Daniel Pasquil, the director for the wages and hour division of the West Covina office of the USDOL, noted that "the most important thing is that the company did correct the violations" and stressed that the company is now in full compliance.[55]
Quality issues alleged
A Buick Century, the same model and color of which were "pimped" on the MTV show.
Jake Glazier's Buick Century
In 2015, The Huffington Post interviewed three people who were participants on Pimp My Ride, one of whom had a vehicle that was "pimped" during the time that the location of the show was West Coast Customs, Jake Glazier (featured in Season 4 Episode 7, "Jake's Buick Century").[19]
During the episode, the team at West Coast Customs were told that Glazier had recently graduated from a degree program in audio engineering, so they installed an MTX Jackhammerhigh fidelity sound system (with accompanying decibel meter and warning light, in the words of Xzibit, to stave off deafness) and a record player inside the dashboard. Other customizations were a flat black paint job (with a red metal flake paint job on the roof with scallops on the sides and hood to match), four-inch whitewall tires, removal of the muffler and installation of exhaust pipes, and black and white vinyl interior.[56]
Besides problems caused by the long period of time that the vehicle was in the shop, for around one half of a year, Glazier claimed that the quality of the vehicle he received was also severely compromised. According to Glazier, when the muffler was removed, three "fake" exhaust pipes were substituted instead: these were used to make the engine sound much more powerful to viewers of the television show, but they made the car needlessly loud. He also claimed that very little or no mechanical work was done to the car, to the extent that he had trouble driving it home from the show's set. Due to all of the mechanical trouble, one month after acquiring the car from West Coast Customs, he sold it to MTX Audio for $18,000. According to Glazier, MTX did not buy the car to drive it, but merely to prevent it from falling into the hands of their competitors. Glazier further claimed that when it was time to receive the car, Dana "Big Dane" Florence intimidated him to act more enthusiastic for the cameras, saying "Listen, we put a lot of work into this. We expect you to be a little more fucking enthusiastic."[19] Larry Hochberg, an executive producer for MTV at the time, disputed Glazier's statements, saying that in reality great lengths were taken to provide the participants in the show with automobiles in good driving condition, and that MTV even paid for some further repairs and tows after the cameras were rolling.[19]
Despite the problems he faced with the vehicle, and with the caveat that he appear on a show with the same format as Pimp My Ride where MTV paid for all work done until the car was delivered (and for some afterwards, depending on who one believes), Glazier said he would happily participate in the program again if given the chance.[19]
There have been several high-profile incidents of quality issues outside of the context of the MTV program. In 2015, Trisha Paytas, a singer-songwriter and internet personality, had her three-week-old 2014 Mercedes-Benz G-Wagen customized by WCC. Among other customizations, she requested that the car be painted pink, that Swarovski crystals be integrated into the headrests and steering wheel, and that the floormats be changed out with customized ones.[17] According to Paytas, after bringing in her vehicle, she was promised that it would be ready by November 17, but the company missed both that deadline and a further one on December 9. After the second deadline was missed, she uploaded a vlog[18] to YouTube about her experience, and thereafter claimed that WCC threatened her with a lawsuit if she refused to remove it.[17] December 17 became the deadline that the company would ultimately keep, but when Paytas came to pick up the vehicle, she found that none of the electronic components worked, including those that are required for safety in the United States, such as turn signals, headlights, and windshield wipers. Furthermore, the dashboard instruments did not function.[17] To her complaints about these issues, Paytas claims that the company told her to drive the car home and then to the Mercedes-Benz dealership from which she bought it to ask them for an in-warranty repair.[17] Paytas uploaded yet another vlog five days after this incident,[57] after which point WCC uploaded its own video in the form of a scrolling text public relations statement.[58] In the statement, besides denying that they had "talked down" to Paytas, WCC denied that its customization was the reason for the issues with her vehicle, claimed that the vehicle was late because she had changed what she had ordered "several times", denied that they had ignored Paytas as Paytas claimed, and invited Paytas to contact them with any further requests or complaints for an "immediate resolution," noting that they had already committed to fix the problem (which, though they wrote it was "unrelated to their services", they would do it anyway "as part of providing excellent customer service"). The company also noted its track record, but did not provide any concrete details.[58] As of December 23, 2016, the statement-as-YouTube video, which has had its comments disabled, had 261 "likes" and 1,652 "dislikes", or a ratio of 6.32 dislikes for every 1 like.[58]
After receiving the repaired vehicle, Paytas wrote on Instagram that although "it was a bit of a struggle getting [it] [...] I do love my [car] so very very much."[59]
Firefall bus for Red 5 Studios
The Firefall promotional bus makes its debut appearance at Anime Expo 2012
In 2010, Chinese online game operator The9 Limited announced Firefall, an MMOfirst-person shooter to be developed by Red 5 Studios as their first game. The game would enter closed beta in 2011, and open beta in 2013. Mark Kern, a video game designer, was appointed by The9 as CEO of the new Red 5 Studios. As CEO, one of Kern's major tasks was promoting the game, and he chose to do this in part with a custom designed tour bus worth US$3 million made to look like one of the vehicles in the videogame and to be converted into a game room on wheels.[16] The customization of the bus was featured on Inside West Coast Customs in Season 3 Episode 4. While in the episode itself it is made to appear that the bus was on-time,[60] arriving at the Los Angeles 2012 Anime Expo which took place between June 29 and July 2,[61] in reality it arrived much later than anticipated, according to both then-CEO Mark Kern[62] and a report by Tech in Asia.[16] Kern also accused WCC of not delivering what he wanted and of going over budget,[62] while Tech in Asia noted that the bus was delivered missing some of its key features, and that it missed all of the key video game conferences for the year 2011 (such as the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012, which was held between June 5 and 7). According to their report, it now "sits in a warehouse somewhere, collecting dust."[16] A Twitter parody of the bus describes itself as a "gross demonstration of capitalisticoverindulgence."[63]
Franchises
West Coast Customs has attempted to franchise its brand to other parts of the world with limited success.
Closed franchises
Facade of the Berlin franchise shortly after its closure
On September 14, 2008, a franchise was opened in a converted factory building along Revaler Straße in Friedrichshain, Berlin,[64][65] but it closed and declared insolvency less than one year later on August 14, 2009.[66][67][68] Before its closure, professional boxer Wladimir Klitschko[69] and musician "Evil" Jared Hasselhoff[70] were customers. In 2011, following the closure of the business, the building was repainted.[71]
Mauricio Hernández, a former employee at the California location hired just before the debut on Pimp My Ride, co-founded a Mexican franchise with Friedlinghaus' blessing in 2009.[20] A television show with a similar format to the American version called Tunéame la nave was first broadcast on August 14, 2009, by Azteca shortly after the opening of the new business.[72] According to Hernández, who became the host of the show, the franchise was opened with a "high" fee paid to Friedlinghaus to use the brand.[20] The show continued for six seasons on Azteca, but it is unclear if there will be a 2017 season and where it will air.[73] This is because on May 24, 2016, during airing of season six, Hernández announced that he was abandoning the "West Coast Customs" brand and company in favor of his own brand, PacifiCoast Customs.[74] In an interview with TuningMex, Hernández stated that the new company had hired 20 employees, had an initial investment of MXN 2.5 million (US$133,947), and would be based in Culiacán, Sinaloa, Mexico, describing the name change as similar to cutting "an umbilical cord."[75] In a separate interview, Hernández stated that when people in Mexico think of West Coast Customs, they think of him and not Ryan Friedlinghaus, thus hinting that he does not believe that the change in name will hurt business.[20] Hernández stated that the new company is projected to work on only twenty cars in its first year, thus guaranteeing quality and that employees will not be overworked.[74]
Never opened franchises
A Japanese franchise is mentioned on the official WCC website,[6] and a website announcing that it was "coming soon!" became available in 2009,[76] and was online until March 13, 2012,[77] but by April 13, 2012, the server hosting the site began returning a 403 error,[78] and after November 7, 2012, the server hosting the website of the Japanese franchise went offline.[79] In a 2013 video released by HP interviewing Friedlinghaus, the Japanese franchise's logo was displayed as (Japanese: ウエスト・コースト・カスタムズ), despite the fact that no such company existed at the time.[80] An address was never provided, no Japanese media wrote about the opening of the franchise, and no further information about it has been forthcoming from WCC, so it can be assumed that the Japanese franchise never opened.
In 2010, Dana Florence traveled to St. Petersburg, for a question-and-answer session at the "Active Open Air Show Cars [sic]", according to The Village.[81] A Russian franchise under the name Russian: Вест Коуст Customs is likewise mentioned by the company,[6][80] but as of January 2017, as in the case of the Japanese franchise, there is no sign of its opening.
A Malaysian franchise is also mentioned in the 2013 HP video[80] as Malay: Pantai Barat Customs. The owner of the franchise claimed that he would bring "official WCC merchandise to Malaysian shores" in 2013, but has made no further posts as of December 2016.[82]
Open franchises
Despite these setbacks, some franchisees have created successful businesses.
In 2007, Friedlinghaus announced a Dubai franchise[83] to be owned by Al Ghussein Global Investments, which continues to operate as of December 2016.[84] The Dubai franchise was opened with a fee of AED 18 million (US$4.9 million) paid to West Coast Customs to use its trademark.[85]
On January 14, 2016, Friedlinghaus announced a further Shanghai franchise via a Facebook post.[86] When the franchise opened on August 18, 2016, the event was met with substantial positive coverage by Chinese media, with articles appearing in the Qilu Evening News,[22] auto magazine Autohome,[87] and the website of Chinese television station Phoenix InfoNews Channel.[88] The franchise is located at No. 218 Huajiang Road in Shanghai's Jiading District.[89]
^ ab"Results Detail". Business Filings, Office of the Secretary of State of California Alex Padilla. Government of the State of California. October 20, 2000. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
^ ab"The Armored Lounge". Inside West Coast Customs. Season 1. Episode 1. February 20, 2011. 0 minutes in. During intro: I'm Ryan Friedlinghaus, CEO of the world famous West Coast Customs. What started as a $5000 loan from my grandfather became this: The most creative and innovative custom car shop on the planet. This is my world, and this is how it's done.
^ abcdefBridges, Levi (November 10, 2015). "Transcripción: Tunéame la nave" [Transcription: Pimp My Ride]. Radio Ambulante (in Mexican Spanish). NPR. Retrieved January 3, 2017. [a] Por eso siguió arreglando carros para "Pimp My Ride", a pesar de que todavía no tenía permiso para estar ni trabajar en Estados Unidos. Pero no era el único. Había alrededor de 10 mecánicos sin papeles. Mauricio dice que a nadie de MTV parecía importarle que fueran indocumentados, porque oficialmente eran empleados de Ryan...A nosotros nos pagaba Ryan, no nos pagaba MTV, y Ryan nos pagaba cash. Nunca recibimos beneficios, ni de nada, ni medico, ni social security, nada. (That's why he kept fixing cars for "Pimp My Ride", despite his lack of permission to reside or work in the United States. But he wasn't the only one. There were around ten other mechanics without documentation. Mauricio said that no one at MTV cared about their immigration status, because officially, they were employees of Ryan, not MTV. Ryan paid us, not MTV, and Ryan paid us in cash. We never received any benefits, or anything; no medical, no Social Security, nothing.) [b] Mauricio tuvo que hacer sacrificios muy grandes. Mauricio: Yo perdí la verdad muchas cosas de mis hijos porque estaba yo trabajando. La infancia de ellos, verlos crecer, la escuela. (Mauricio had to make huge sacrifices. Mauricio: I lost, in truth, many things with my children because I was working. Their childhood, watching them grow, their school days. [c][d] En el 2009 un inversionista mexicano llegó a West Coast. El mexicano quería abrir una franquicia de West Coast en su país. Tardaron seis meses en llegar a un acuerdo, con Mauricio sirviendo de traductor y pieza clave durante toda la negociación. No sabemos la cifra exacta que acordaron, pero según Mauricio, fue alta. (In 2009, a Mexican investor arrived at WCC. He wanted to open a franchise in Mexico. The negotiations lasted six months, and Mauricio served as translator and key figure during the entire negotiation. We don't know the exact figure, but according to Mauricio, it was high.)
^Pennington, April Y. (June 1, 2005). "Custom Made". Entrepreneur. Retrieved December 19, 2016.
^Labossiere, Regine (September 14, 2004). "Custom car shop roars into reality TV". The Indianapolis Star. p. E7. Retrieved December 19, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.
^"News: : TuningScene @ West Coast Custom Corona (CA)". TuningScene. November 14, 2011. Dann wurde es lange Zeit still in Europa um die Jungs von West Coast Customs. Wilde Gerüchte kursierten. Änderungen in der Geschäftsführung folgten, sogar eine Niederlassung in Deutschland wurde gegründet. Jedoch wurde diese Niederlassung mittlerweile wieder geschlossen. (Then it was quiet for a long time in Europe around the guys of West Coast Customs. Wild rumors circulated. Changes in the management team followed, even a branch office in Germany was founded. However, this branch has now been closed again.)
^Katja, Kirste; Braun, Stefanie (September 17, 2008). "DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produziert mit "Street Customs Berlin" erstmals internationale TV-Serie" [DISCOVERY NETWORKS DEUTSCHLAND produces its first international TV series: "Street Customs Berlin"] (Press release) (in German). Germany: Discovery Networks Deutscheland. Ihren ersten Kunden haben sie auch schon: Dr. Wladimir Klitschko, der bei der Werkstatteröffnung diese Woche dabei war, konnte mit Ryan Friedlinghaus schon Einzelheiten seiner Smart-Veredelung besprechen. [They already had their first customers: Dr. Wladimir Klitschko, who was present at the workshop opening this week, was able to discuss the details of his customization with Ryan Friedlinghaus.]
^Lemme (October 16, 2011). "West Coast Customs Berlin". E36 Talk Forum (in German). Retrieved December 27, 2016.
^"Tunéame la nave". TuningMex. August 14, 2009. Retrieved January 3, 2017.
^Clavijo, Judith Chacón (April 19, 2016). ""Tunéame la Nave" busca televisora" ["Tunéame la Nave" searches for a television station]. Así Sucede (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved January 3, 2017.
^González, Guadalupe Martínez (May 24, 2016). "Mauricio Hernández deja WCC y crea PacifiCoast Customs" [Mauricio Hernández leaves WCC and creates PacifiCoast Customs]. TuningMex (in Mexican Spanish). Retrieved January 3, 2017. Es una decisión importante en mi vida no puedo vivir conectado en un cordón umbilical que se puede decir era West Coast es momento de empezar mi propia aventura. (It's an important decision in my life. I can't live connected by an umbilical cord, that is to say, connected to West Coast Customs; it is time to start my own adventure.)
^"West Coast Customs Japan, Coming Soon!". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. March 25, 2009. Archived from the original on March 25, 2009. Retrieved December 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Welcome to West Coast Customs Japan". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. March 13, 2012. Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"403 Error – Forbidden". westcoastcustoms.co.jp. April 13, 2012. Archived from the original on April 13, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^ abcお客様事例：West Coast Customs [Customer case study: West Coast Customs] (YouTube Video) (in English and Japanese). Hewlett-Packard. August 18, 2013. 0:22 minutes in. Archived from the original on December 12, 2021. Note: Make sure to choose 720p to see the logo clearly. Sometimes the player defaults to a lower resolution.
^【图】全球著名品牌西海岸汽车定制登陆中国 [World famous brand West Coast Customs landing in China]. www.autohome.com.cn (in Simplified Chinese). Autohome (汽车之家). July 19, 2016. Retrieved December 19, 2016. 编辑了解到， 今年8月，大家期待已久的三款豪华定制车将由西海岸汽车定制带到中国上海 。
^西海岸汽车定制进驻中国，线下业务全面启动！. Phoenix InfoNews Channel (in Simplified Chinese). (Republishing of the article of Qilu Evening News). Retrieved December 19, 2016.
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Pantulan dari sebuah genangan Genangan adalah sebuah kandungan cairan kecil, biasanya air, di sebuah permukaan.[1] Genangan dapat terbentuk lewat pengisian air dalam sebuah cekungan permukaan, atau oleh tegangan permukaan di atas permukaan datar. Genangan umumnya bersifat dangkal untuk dilangkahi, dan terlalu kecil untuk dilewati perahu atau rakit. Kehidupan liar kecil dapat bergantung pada genangan. Referensi ^ Definition of PUDDLE. Diarsipkan dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-08. Diak...
Military Unit Not to be confused with Regimental combat team or Brigade combat team. A combat team is temporary grouping of military organizations of differing types to accomplish a defined mission or objective.[1][2] Usage varies between commonwealth nations, where the term applies to a sub-unit level grouping, and the United States, where the term is found at unit and formation levels. Commonwealth Armies' Combat Teams NATO Map Symbols Infantry Combat Team[3] Armoure...
العلاقات البولندية المنغولية بولندا منغوليا بولندا منغوليا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات البولندية المنغولية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين بولندا ومنغوليا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقا...
Cette section adopte un point de vue régional ou culturel particulier et doit être internationalisée (indiquez la date de pose grâce au paramètre date). Documentation[voir] [modifier] [historique] [purger] Utilisation Ce modèle permet d'indiquer qu'une section est écrite du point de vue : d'un pays particulier (point de vue de la France, souvent) ; d'une région particulière (point de vue de la Wallonie, par exemple) ; d'un con...
الإمبراطوية البريطانية 1921 القوة المفرطة هي دولة تهيمن على جميع الدول الأخرى في كل مجال (أي العسكرية والثقافية والاقتصادية)[1][2] وتعتبر خطوة أعلى من القوة العظمى. يشير المصطلح غالبًا إلى الولايات المتحدة نظرًا لوضعها كقوة عظمى وحيدة في العالم حاليًا؛ ومع ذلك فإن وضع...
Voce principale: Unione Sportiva Massese 1919. Unione Sportiva MasseseStagione 1991-1992Sport calcio Squadra Massese Allenatore Andrea Valdinoci Presidente Fausto Manfredi Serie C114º posto nel girone A. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Redomi (33) Miglior marcatoreCampionato: Bresciani, Romairone (5) 1990-1991 1992-1993 Si invita a seguire il modello di voce Questa voce raccoglie le informazioni riguardanti l'Unione Sportiva Massese nelle competizioni ufficiali della stagione 1991-1992. I...
2005 filmProtocols of ZionProtocols of Zion movie posterDirected byMarc LevinProduced by Steve Kalafer Marc Levin Starring Marc Levin Alan Levin CinematographyMark BenjaminEdited byKen ElutoMusic byJohn ZornDistributed byTHINKFilm[1]Release dates January 21, 2005 (2005-01-21) (Sundance) October 21, 2005 (2005-10-21) Running time95 minutesLanguageEnglishBox office$178,875 Protocols of Zion is a 2005 documentary film by Marc Levin about a resurgence of ...
Nehemia 6Kitab Ezra (Kitab Ezra-Nehemia) (memuat Kitab Ezra dan Nehemia) lengkap pada Kodeks Leningrad, dibuat tahun 1008.KitabKitab NehemiaKategoriNevi'imBagian Alkitab KristenPerjanjian LamaUrutan dalamKitab Kristen16← pasal 5 pasal 7 → Nehemia 6 (disingkat Neh 6) adalah pasal keenam Kitab Nehemia dalam Alkitab Ibrani dan Perjanjian Lama di Alkitab Kristen. Memuat riwayat juru minuman raja Persia, Artahsasta, dan bupati di tanah Yehuda, Nehemia bin Hakhalya. Dalam Alkitab Ibrani...
Ostrołęka Lambang Ostrołęka Lokasi Ostrołęka Data dasar Provinsi: Mazowsze Luas: 29 km² Penduduk: 54.129jiwa Pelat nomor kendaraan bermotor: WO Alamatbalai kota: Urząd Miasta Ostrołęki, Plac gen. Józefa Bema 107-410 Ostrołęka Situs web resmi: www.ostroleka.pl Politik Wali kota: Janusz Kotowski Ostrołęka (Jerman Ostrolenka, Scharfenwiese) adalah sebuah kota di Polandia. Kota ini memiliki penduduk sebesar 54.129 jiwa. Pranala luar Wikimedia Commons memiliki media mengenai Ostro�...
عشوائيةمعلومات عامةصنف فرعي من ارتياب تسبب في excitement (en) النقيض determinism (en) انتظام تعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات العشوائية أو العشاوة[1] (بالإنجليزية: Randomness) كلمة مشتقة من فعل عَشُوَ وعَشَا عَشْوًا;[2] وتعني من ساء بصره بالليل والنهار أو من أبصر بالنهار ولم يبص�...
Regional election in England Map of the results of the 2003 Richmondshire District Council election. Conservatives in blue, independents in light grey, Liberal Democrats in yellow, Richmondshire Independents in white and Social Democratic Party in purple. The 2003 Richmondshire District Council election took place on 1 May 2003 to elect members of Richmondshire District Council in North Yorkshire, England. The whole council was up for election with boundary changes since the last election in ...
Imām of the Nizari Ismāʿīli Shias This article is about the hereditary title. For the incumbent, see Aga Khan IV. For other uses, see Aga Khan (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Aga Khan – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2018) (Learn how and when to re...
Gunung Scopusהַר הַצּוֹפִיםTitik tertinggiKetinggian826 m (2.710 ft)GeografiLetakJerusalemPegununganYudea Gunung Scopus (Ibrani הַר הַצּוֹפִים (Har HaTzofim), Arab جبل المشارف Ǧabal al-Mašārif, جبل المشهد Ǧabal al-Mašhad, جبل الصوانة) (secara Harfiah Gunung Lihat) adalah pegunungan (elevasi: 826 meter di atas permukaan laut) di timur laut Yerusalem, Israel. Menghadap Yerusalem, Gunung Scopus menjadi tempat penting dan strat...
2004 live album by Joe Jackson BandAfterlifeLive album by Joe Jackson BandReleased15 March 2004[1]Recorded27–31 August 2003GenreRock, popLength58:02LabelRykodiskProducerJoe JacksonJoe Jackson Band chronology Volume 4(2003) Afterlife(2004) Rain(2008) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[2] Afterlife is a 2004 live album by Joe Jackson.[3] It contains recordings from performances on 27 August 2003 at The Fillmore in San Francisco, CA, at House...
Lago di LesinaStato Italia Regione Puglia Provincia Foggia Coordinate41°52′57″N 15°26′48.84″E41°52′57″N, 15°26′48.84″E Altitudine0 m s.l.m. DimensioniSuperficie51,4 km² Lunghezza22 km Larghezza2,4 km Profondità massima< 2 m IdrografiaOriginecostiera Lago di Lesina Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale vista di Lesina dal pontile Il lago di Lesina (in Latino: Lacus Pantanus) è un bacino lacustre salmastro situato a nord...
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