Wehrmachtbefehlshaber

Commander of the Wehrmacht
Wehrmachtbefehlshaber
Standard of the Wehrmachtbefehlshaber
Wehrmacht
TypeSupreme Commander
StatusAbolished
AbbreviationW.Bfh.
Member ofWehrmacht
Reports toOberkommando der Wehrmacht
AppointerReichführer
Term lengthNo fixed length
Formation1940
Abolished7 May 1945

The Wehrmachtbefehlshaber[a] (lit. 'Military Commander'[b]) was the German chief military position in countries occupied by the Wehrmacht which were headed by a civilian administration.[2] The main responsibilities of this position were military security in the area and command of the defense in case of attack or invasion.[3][4] The Wehrmachtbefehlshaber also had a judicial function, as he served as judge in German military courts. He had no control over Army units, but was responsible for the housing of troops.[5] In the occupied territories of the Soviet Union, the Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber was also responsible for securing the occupied territories, protecting transport links, and recording the crops.[6]

Wehrmachtbefehlshaber in the occupied areas

Balkan

See also: Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia

Following the Invasion of Yugoslavia, the commander of the 12th Army was designated "Commander-in-Chief of the German troops in the Balkans", which was later renamed Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Südost.

No. Portrait Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Südost Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Wilhelm List
List, WilhelmGeneralfeldmarschall
Wilhelm List
(1880–1971)		9 June 194115 October 1941128 days[7][8]
2
Walter Kuntze
Kuntze, WalterGeneral der Pioniere
Walter Kuntze
(1883–1960)		29 October 19412 July 1942246 days[8][9]
3
Alexander Löhr
Löhr, AlexanderGeneraloberst
Alexander Löhr
(1885–1947)		3 July 194231 December 1942181 days[10]

Belgium and Northern France

In Belgium and Northern France, control was originally given to a Military Administration. However, in July 1944, after the dismissal of Alexander von Falkenhausen and the creation of the Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France, the post of Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Belgien-Nordfrankreich was established.[11][12]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Belgien-Nordfrankreich Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Martin Grase
Grase, MartinGeneral der Infanterie
Martin Grase
(1891–1963)		15 July 194413 September 194460 days[13]
2
Richard Jungclaus
Jungclaus, RichardSS-Gruppenführer
Richard Jungclaus
(1905–1945)		13 September 1944September 1944<17 days[13][14]

Greater Paris

On 1 August 1944, Hitler appointed Dietrich von Choltitz, Commanding general and Wehrmachtbefehlshaber of greater Paris (German: Kommandierenden General und Wehrmachtbefehlshaber von Groß-Paris).[15]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber von Groß-Paris Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Dietrich von Choltitz
Choltitz, DietrichGeneral der Infanterie
Dietrich von Choltitz
(1894–1966)		1 August 194425 August 194424 days[15]

Channel Islands

Following the German occupation of the Channel Islands, command was given to the Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Kanalinseln.

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Kanalinseln Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
von Schmettow, RudolfGeneralleutnant
Rudolf Graf von Schmettow
(1891–1970)		1 October 194420 February 1945148 days[16]
2
Friedrich Hüffmeier
Hüffmeier, FriedrichVizeadmiral
Friedrich Hüffmeier
(1898–1972)		26 February 19459 May 194572 days[16][17]

Denmark

Following the German occupation of Denmark, on 9 April 1940, the post of Befehlshaber der Deutsches Truppen des Heeres in Dänemark was created, with Leonhard Kaupisch initially holding the position. The Befehlshaber's task was to provide military security for Denmark and to prevent hostile landings.[18] Following the Telegram Crisis and the breakdown of cooperation between the Danish government and the German occupation force, Erich Lüdke was removed from the post, and its role was expanded to Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Dänemark.[19] The post lasted until the surrender of Germany.[18]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Dänemark Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Hermann von Hanneken
von Hanneken, HermannGeneral der Infanterie
Hermann von Hanneken
(1890–1981)		12 October 194227 January 19452 years, 107 days[19]
2
Georg Lindemann
Lindemann, GeorgGeneraloberst
Georg Lindemann
(1884–1963)		27 January 19456 May 194599 days[20]

The Netherlands

With the creation of the Reichskommissariat Niederlande, the post of Wehrmachtbefehlshaber in den Niederlanden was established, having control over the military in the area.[21] By order of 17 May 1942, the Wehrmachtbefehlshaber received the position and powers of an army commander-in-chief.[22]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber in den Niederlanden Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Friedrich Christiansen
Christiansen, FriedrichGeneral der Flieger
Friedrich Christiansen
(1879–1972)		29 May 19407 April 19454 years, 313 days[21]

Norway

On 25 July 1940, Wilhelm Keitel added a supplement to the Führer Decree of 24 April 1940 on the exercise of governmental powers in Norway, which ordered that the commander of XXI Army Corps should immediately bear the name "Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Norwegen".

In order to prepare for the war against the USSR and the subsequent command on the Finnish theater of action, a "Command Center Finland" of the AOK Norway was set up. The Army High Command in Lapland emerged from this command post. On 14 January 1942, it took command of the AOK Norway's forces on the Finnish front. On 22 June 1942, AOK Lapland was renamed 20th Mountain Army.

When the German troops on the Scandinavian Peninsula had to withdraw, there was a reorganization of the command structure. The AOK Norway was dissolved on 18 December 1944; the powers of the Wehrmachtbefehlshaber passed to commander of the 20th Mountain Army.[23]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Norwegen Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
Falkenhorst, NikolausGeneraloberst
Nikolaus von Falkenhorst
(1885–1968)		25 July 194018 December 19444 years, 146 days[24][25]
2
Lothar Rendulic
Rendulic, LotharGeneraloberst
Lothar Rendulic
(1887–1971)		18 December 19448 January 194521 days[26]
3
Franz Böhme
Böhme, FranzGeneral der Gebirgstruppe
Franz Böhme
(1885–1947)		8 January 19457 May 1945119 days[27]

Ostland

In the Reichskommissariat Ostland the military command was controlled by the Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Ostland. The Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber was responsible for security within the occupied territories (including partisan control), to protect traffic connections and to record the harvest. It was created on 25 July 1941 and was transferred to Kolberg on 10 August 1944 as part of the withdrawal, and was dissolved on September 30, 1944.[6]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Ostland Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Walter Braemer
Braemer, WalterGeneralleutnant
Walter Braemer
(1883–1955)		24 June 194118 April 19442 years, 299 days[28][29]
[30][31]
2
Werner Kempf
Kempf, WernerGeneral der Panzertruppe
Werner Kempf
(1886–1964)		1 May 194410 August 1944101 days[32]

Belarus

The Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Weißruthenien staff was created on 18 April 1944 from the Commanding general of security forces and commanders in the Army Group Rear Area staff. From 15 October 1943, this staff was subordinate to the Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber Weißruthenien as "Commanding general of security forces and commanders in White Ruthenia". Parts of the staff were used in July 1944 for the formation of the Rothkirch General Command, which was reclassified as General Command LIII Army Corps on 13 November 1944.[6]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Weißruthenien Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach
Rothkirch, EdwinGeneral der Kavallerie
Edwin Graf von Rothkirch und Trach
(1888–1980)		18 April 194427 October 1944192 days[33]

Ukraine

In Reichskommissariat Ukraine the military control was given to the Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Ukraine, which was created on 1 September 1941.[6][34]

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Ukraine Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Waldemar Henrici
Henrici, WaldemarGeneralleutnant
Waldemar Henrici
(1878–1950)		1 September 1941October 19421 year, 3 months[35]
2
Karl Kitzinger [de]
Henrici, WaldemarGeneral der Flieger
Karl Kitzinger [de]
(1886–1962)		October 194221 July 19441 year, 9 months[35][2]

Sardinia and Corsica

Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Sardinien und Korsika WB Korsika was formed in September 1943 in direct succession to Wehrmachtbefehlshaber auf Sardinien und Korsika when the latter HQ was renamed officially for the last time. The combined staff for Sardinia and Corsica was created before in summer 1943 by merging the before existing staffs of Kommandant der deutschen Wehrmacht auf Korsika and Kommandant der deutschen Wehrmacht auf Sardinien. With the evacuation of Sardinia in September already and the evacuation of Corsica on 3 October 1943 (entirely finished on 5 October) finally, the staff ceased to exist.

No. Portrait Wehrmachtbefehlshaber Sardinien und Korsika Took office Left office Time in office Ref.
1
Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin
Generalleutnant
Fridolin von Senger und Etterlin
(1891–1963)		8 September 19435 October 194327 days[36]

Notes

  1. ^ Also spelled Wehrmachtsbefehlshaber
  2. ^ Originally translated as the Department of Defence Commander[1]

References

  1. ^ CIA 1951, p. 197.
  2. ^ a b Lower 2005, p. 96.
  3. ^ Altenburger n.d.
  4. ^ Hitler 1942.
  5. ^ NIOD 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d Bundesarchiv5.
  7. ^ Sangster & Battistelli 2016, p. 204.
  8. ^ a b Manoschek 1995, p. 150.
  9. ^ Schmider 2017, p. 1075.
  10. ^ Bundesarchiv.
  11. ^ Moll 1997, p. 431.
  12. ^ Bundesarchiv1.
  13. ^ a b Dimitri n.d.
  14. ^ Münkel 1996, p. 77.
  15. ^ a b Moll 1997, p. 441.
  16. ^ a b Jersey War Tours n.d.
  17. ^ Bölscher 2015, pp. 193–194.
  18. ^ a b Bundesarchiv2.
  19. ^ a b Thomsen 2009, p. 158.
  20. ^ Thomsen 2009, pp. 185, 186.
  21. ^ a b Foray 2011, p. 21.
  22. ^ Bundesarchiv3.
  23. ^ Bundesarchiv4.
  24. ^ Frøland, Ingulstad & Scherner 2016, p. 26.
  25. ^ British Military Court 1946, p. 18.
  26. ^ Bohn 2000, p. 31.
  27. ^ Bohn 2000, p. 44.
  28. ^ Moll 1997, pp. 196–197 & 205.
  29. ^ Müller & Volkmann 2012, p. 867.
  30. ^ Matthäus & Bajohr 2015, p. 460.
  31. ^ Hoppe 2011, p. 552.
  32. ^ MMG 2010.
  33. ^ Gerlach 2000, p. 11.
  34. ^ Lower 2010, p. 224-225.
  35. ^ a b Court of Hanover 1968.
  36. ^ Schreiber 1990, p. 105.

Bibliography

Print
  • Bohn, Robert (2000). Reichskommissariat Norwegen: "Nationalsozialistische Neuordnung" und Kriegswirtschaft. De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3486564884.
  • British Military Court (1946). "Trial of Generaloberst Nickolaus von Falkenhorst, Case No. 61" (PDF). Law Reports of Trials of War Criminals. 11: 18–30. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  • Bölscher, Bernd (2015). Hitlers Marine im Landkriegseinsatz (in German). Books on Demand. ISBN 978-3738635096. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  • CIA (September 1951). MIL-GEO: The Geographic Service of the German Army (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017.
  • Foray, Jennifer L. (2011). Visions of Empire in the Nazi-Occupied Netherlands. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1107015807.
  • Frøland, Hans Otto; Ingulstad, Mats; Scherner, Jonas (2016). "Perfecting the Art of Stealing: Nazi Exploitation and Industrial Collaboration in Occupied Western Europe". In Frøland, Hans Otto; Ingulstad, Mats; Scherner, Jonas (eds.). Industrial Collaboration in Nazi-Occupied Europe: Norway in Context. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 1–34. ISBN 978-1-137-53423-1.
  • Gerlach, Christian (2000). Kalkulierte Morde. Die deutsche Wirtschafts- und Vernichtungspolitik in Weißrußland 1941 bis 1944 (in German). ISBN 978-3930908639. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  • Hoppe, Bert (2011). Sowjetunion mit annektierten Gebieten I: Besetzte sowjetische Gebiete unter deutscher Militärverwaltung, Baltikum und Transnistrien (in German). Munich: Oldenburg Verlag. ISBN 978-3-486-58911-5. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  • Lower, Wendy (2005). Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine. The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0807829608. Retrieved 22 August 2019.
  • Lower, Wendy (2010). ""On Him Rests the Weight of the Administration": Nazi Civilian Rulers and the Holocaust in Zhymortyr". In Brandon, Ray; Lower, Wendy (eds.). The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization. ISBN 978-0253222688. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  • Manoschek, Walter (1995). "Serbien ist judenfrei": Militärische Besatzungspolitik und Judenvernichtung in Serbien 1941/42 (Beiträge zur Militärgeschichte, Band 38) (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3486561371.
  • Matthäus, Jürgen; Bajohr, Frank (2015). The Political Diary of Alfred Rosenberg and the Onset of the Holocaust. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1442251670. Retrieved 8 May 2019.
  • Moll, Martin (1997). "Führer–Erlasse" 1939–1945: Edition sämtlicher überlieferter, nicht im Reichsgesetzblatt abgedruckter, von Hitler während des Zweiten Weltkrieges schriftlich erteilter Direktiven aus den Bereichen Staat, Partei, Wirtschaft, Besatzungspolitik und Militärverwaltung (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3515068732.
  • Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Volkmann, Hans-Erich (2012). Die Wehrmacht: Mythos und Realität. Sonderausgabe (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3486592078. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  • Münkel, Daniela (1996). Nationalsozialistische Agrarpolitik und Bauernalltag (in German). Campus Verlag. ISBN 978-3593356020.
  • Sangster, Andrew; Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2016). Myths, Amnesia and Reality in Military Conflicts, 1935-1945. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-9931-4.
  • Schmider, Klaus (2017). Frieser, Karl-Heinz (ed.). Germany and the Second World War: Volume VIII: The Eastern Front 1943-1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198723462.
  • Schreiber, Gerhard (1990). Die Italienischen Militärinternierten Im Deutschen Machtbereich 1943-1945: Verachtet - Verraten - Vergessen (Beiträge Zur Militärgeschichte) (in German). De Gruyter Oldenbourg. ISBN 978-3486553918.
  • Thomsen, Birgit Nüchel (2009). Kollaboration eller tilpasning? (PDF) (in Danish). ISBN 9788793068452. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
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French WW1 fighter aircraft SPAD S.A French SPAD S.A-2 of Escadrille N49 in Corzieux. Role FighterType of aircraft Manufacturer Société Pour l'Aviation et ses Dérivés (SPAD) Designer Louis Béchereau First flight 1915 Introduction 1915 Status retired Primary users Russian EmpireFrance Produced 1915–1916 Number built 107 Variants SPAD S.G The SPAD S.A (also called S.A.L.) was a French two-seat tractor biplane first flown in 1915. It was used by France and Russia in the early stages ...