Warmians (ethnic group)

Not to be confused with Warmians.
For the village, see Warmiak, Masovian Voivodeship.
Warmians
Warmiacy (Polish)
Ermländer (German)
Group of women in 1920s, wearing traditional Warmian clothes
Regions with significant populations
Poland (Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship), Germany
Languages
Polish (Warmian subdialect)
German (High Prussian, Low Prussian)
Religion
Roman Catholicism
Related ethnic groups
Poles

Warmians[a] are a Polish ethnic group from Warmia. Most of them are Roman Catholic and speak in the Warmian subdialect of Polish or the High Prussian or Low Prussian dialects of German.[1]

History

Between the 14th and 17th centuries, settlers from northern, Mazovia moved to former territories of Old Prussians, following conquests by the Teutonic Order, and the erection of the Monastic state of the Teutonic Knights.[2][3] Earlier, the southern parts of Warmia had become German-speaking, but eventually, more Polish settlers than Germans arrived to settle the land, particularly after 1410, so that the region gradually Polonized.[4]

The bishopric of Warmia became in 1466 an autonomous part of Royal Prussia, and remained part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth until 1772 when it was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia (see: Partitions of Poland). While the Mazurs in the neighboring Ducal Prussia became Protestants when Duchy adopted Lutheranism in the 16th century, most Warmiaks, populating the areas around Olsztyn, remained Catholics.[2][3]

During World War II, the Warmiaks were persecuted by the Nazi German government, which wanted to erase all aspects of Polish culture and Polish language in Warmia.[2][3]

After the war, due to their Polish roots and their Catholic faith (unlike the Masurians who were predominantly Protestant, who had a friendly attitude towards the Germans), they were not victims of the large-scale expulsion of Germans. However, over the course of time, large numbers of Warmiaks decided to leave their native land and settle in more prosperous West Germany, exercising their right to German citizenship granted by the Basic Law as citizens or their descendants of inhabitants of Germany in the borders of 1937.[2][3]

  • Warmian women in church attire. Painting by Hedwig Neuhof ca. 1900
    Warmian women in church attire. Painting by Hedwig Neuhof ca. 1900
  • Warmian women in Sunday attire, ca. 1920
    Warmian women in Sunday attire, ca. 1920
  • Warmian wooden house and chapel in Kajny.
    Warmian wooden house and chapel in Kajny.

Notes

  1. ^ Polish: Warmiacy, singular: Warmiak; German: Ermlander

References

  1. ^ Łukasz Ruch: Moja i ich gwara, in: Variart, March 2016. p. 4-5.
  2. ^ a b c d S. Achremczyk: Warmia, Olsztyn 2000.
  3. ^ a b c d S. Achremczyk: Historia Warmii i Mazur, Olsztyn 1997
  4. ^ "Hermann Pölking". Ostpreußen - Biographie einer Provinz (in German). Weltbild. p. 50. Udo Arnold (1987). Europa im Hoch- und Spätmittelalter. Klett-Cotta. p. 481.


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