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Sir Walter Kirke
Sir Walter Kirke
	General Sir Walter Kirke in 1937
Born	19 January 1877; Portsea Island, Hampshire, England
Died	2 September 1949 (aged 72)
Allegiance	United Kingdom
Service / branch	British Army
Years of service	1896–1940
Rank	General
Commands	Home Guard (1939–40); Territorial Army (1936–39); Western Command (1933–36); 5th Infantry Division (1929–31)
Battles / wars	First World War; Second World War
Awards	Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath; Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George; Distinguished Service Order; Mentioned in Despatches

General Sir Walter Mervyn St George Kirke, GCB, CMG, DSO (19 January 1877 – 2 September 1949) was the Commander in Chief of the British Home Forces at the beginning of the Second World War.

Military career

Born the second son of Colonel St. George Mervyn Kirke of the Royal Engineers and his wife Sarah, Walter Kirke was commissioned into the Royal Artillery as a second lieutenant on 21 September 1896.^[2] He was promoted to lieutenant on 21 September 1899, and to captain on 4 December 1901 while serving in Waziristan on the North West Frontier of India between 1901 and 1902.^[2]^[3] From July 1902 he was seconded for service with the Burma Military Police.^[4]

Kirke was instrumental in creating the Army's Intelligence Corps in 1907, and he worked for Colonel George Macdonogh in the War Office's Intelligence Department. This area of work comprised special duties, such as protective security, ciphers and censorship of post (news) and telegraphs. Starting 1 October 1909, the new Secret Service Bureau (MI5) was created and fell under Macdonogh's supervision. Here, Kirke came to know Major Vernon Kell (headed up counter-espionage) and Captain Mansfield Cumming (enemy intelligence).^[5] Together, Cumming and Kell formed the two halves of MI5. Macdonogh and Kirke travelled to France and spent two weeks on a walking tour of the French and Belgium borders, visiting areas that looked vulnerable to a German attack. On 12 August 1914, the Intelligence Corps crossed the English Channel, near Le Havre, France as part of the deployment of the B.E.F.^[6]

Kirke served in the First World War as a General Staff Officer at GHQ in France and Belgium.^[2] In 1916 he learned that German soldiers were intercepting British field telephone conversations and acted to secure them.^[7] On 23 March 1918, Kirke was flown in from the front to brief the War Cabinet in London on Operation Michael.^[8] In late 1918 he became deputy director of Military Operations at the War Office and was then moved to Aldershot in 1922.^[2] In 1924 he was appointed Head of the British Military Mission to Finland and in 1925 President of Inter-Allied Commission of Investigation for Hungary.^[2]

In 1926 Kirke became Deputy Chief of the General Staff for India, moving on to be General Officer Commanding 5th Division in 1929.^[2] In 1933 he was appointed General Officer Commanding-in-Chief for Western Command and in 1936 he became Director-General of the Territorial Army.^[2]

Kirke served in the Second World War, initially as Inspector-General of Home Defence and then as Commander-in-Chief, Home Forces.^[9] In that role he always thought that the threat of a German invasion was exaggerated.^[10] He retired in 1940.^[2] He was also an Aide-de-Camp General to the King from 1937 to 1940.^[11]

References

^ "Life story: Walter Mervyn St George Kirke | Lives of the First World War".
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
^ Hart′s Army list, 1903
^ "No. 27498". The London Gazette. 25 November 1902. p. 7938.
^ Judd, Alan, "The Quest for C: Sir Mansfield Cumming", pg. 89
^ IBID, pgs. 90, 275
^ Beach, Jim; Bruce, James (2 January 2020). "British signals intelligence in the trenches, 1915–1918: part 1, listening sets". Journal of Intelligence History. 19 (1): 1–23. doi:10.1080/16161262.2019.1659580. ISSN 1616-1262.
^ UK National Archives, CAB 23-5, pg. 374 of 475
^ World War II: Great Britain at War Daily Telegraph, 4 September 1939
^ The home guard: a military and political history By S. P. Mackenzie, Page 19. Oxford University Press, 1995, ISBN 978-0-19-820577-7
^ Army List July 1940

Military offices
New command Division reformed (Post last held by Hugh Jeudwine)	GOC 5th Division 1929–1931	Succeeded by Thomas Humphreys
Preceded by Sir Cyril Deverell	GOC-in-C Western Command 1933–1936	Succeeded by Sir Henry Jackson