Viverridae

This article is about the extant family of carnivorans. For an extinct family of carnivorous mammals, see Viverravidae.

Viverridae[2]
Temporal range: 34–0 Ma Eocene to Recent[1]
A mosaic of four small photos of viverrids in trees
Viverrids, including (top left to bottom right), species of Paradoxurus, Genetta, Paguma and Arctictis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Suborder: Feliformia
Infraorder: Aeluroidea
Parvorder: Viverroidea
Family: Viverridae
Gray, 1821
Type genus
Viverra
Linnaeus, 1758
Genera
Distribution of living viverrid species

Viverridae is a family of small to medium-sized feliform mammals, comprising 14 genera with 33 species. This family was named and first described by John Edward Gray in 1821.[3] Viverrids occur all over Africa, southern Europe, South and Southeast Asia across the Wallace Line.[4] The word viverridae comes from the Latin word viverra.

The species of the subfamily Genettinae are known as genets and oyans. The viverrids of the subfamily Viverrinae are commonly called civets; the Paradoxurinae and most Hemigalinae species are called palm civets.

Characteristics

Binturong (Arctictis binturong) on display at the Museum of Osteology

Viverrids have four or five toes on each foot and half-retractile claws. They have six incisors in each jaw and molars with two tubercular grinders behind in the upper jaw, and one in the lower jaw. The tongue is rough with sharp prickles. A pouch or gland occurs beneath the anus, but there is no cecum.[3] The male's urethral opening is directed backward.[5]

Viverrids are the most primitive of all the families of feliform Carnivora and clearly less specialized than the Felidae. In external characteristics, they are distinguished from the Felidae by the longer muzzle and tuft of facial vibrissae between the lower jaw bones, and by the shorter limbs and the five-toed hind foot with the first digit present. The skull differs by the position of the postpalatine foramina on the maxilla, almost always well in advance of the maxillopalatine suture, and usually about the level of the second premolar; and by the distinct external division of the auditory bulla into its two elements either by a definite groove or, when rarely this is obliterated, by the depression of the tympanic bone in front of the swollen entotympanic. The typical dental formula is: 3.1.4.23.1.4.2, but the number may be reduced, although never to the same extent as in the Felidae.[4]

Their flesh-shearing carnassial teeth are relatively undeveloped compared to those of other feliform carnivorans.[6] Most viverrid species have a penis bone (a baculum).[7]

Classification

Living species

In 1821, Gray defined this family as consisting of the genera Viverra, Genetta, Herpestes, and Suricata.[3] Reginald Innes Pocock later redefined the family as containing a great number of highly diversified genera, and being susceptible of division into several subfamilies, based mainly on the structure of the feet and of some highly specialized scent glands, derived from the skin, which are present in most of the species and are situated in the region of the external generative organs. He subordinated the subfamilies Hemigalinae, Paradoxurinae, Prionodontinae, and Viverrinae to the Viverridae.[4]

In 1833, Edward Turner Bennett described the Malagasy fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) and subordinated the Cryptoprocta to the Viverridae.[8] A molecular and morphological analysis based on DNA/DNA hybridization experiments suggests that Cryptoprocta does not belong within Viverridae, but is a member of the Eupleridae.[9]

The African palm civet (Nandinia binotata) resembles the civets of the Viverridae, but is genetically distinct and belongs in its own monotypic family, the Nandiniidae. There is little dispute that the Poiana species are viverrids.[2]

DNA analysis based on 29 carnivoran species, comprising 13 Viverrinae species and three species representing Paradoxurus, Paguma and Hemigalinae, confirmed Pocock's assumption that the African linsang Poiana represents the sister group of the genus Genetta. The placement of Prionodon as the sister group of the family Felidae is strongly supported, and it was proposed that the Asiatic linsangs be placed in the monogeneric family Prionodontidae.[10]

Family Viverridae[1][2][11]
Subfamily Genus Species Image of type species
Viverrinae Viverra Linnaeus, 1758[12]
Viverricula Hodgson, 1838[15] Small Indian civet (V. indica) (Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, 1803)[16]
Civettictis Pocock, 1915[17] African civet (C. civetta) (Schreber, 1776)[18]
Hemigalinae Gray, 1864[19]
Hemigalus Jourdan, 1837[20] Banded palm civet (H. derbyanus) Jourdan, 1837[20]
Cynogale Gray, 1836[21] Otter civet (C. bennettii) Gray, 1836[21]
Diplogale Thomas, 1912[22] Hose's palm civet (D. hosei) (Thomas, 1892)[23]
Macrogalidia Schwarz, 1910[24] Sulawesi palm civet (M. musschenbroekii) (Schlegel, 1877)[25]
Chrotogale Thomas, 1912[22] Owston's palm civet (C. owstoni) Thomas, 1912[22]
Paradoxurinae Gray, 1864[19] Paradoxurus Cuvier, 1822[26]
Arctictis Temminck, 1824[30] Binturong (A. binturong) (Raffles, 1822)[31]
Paguma Gray, 1831[32] Masked palm civet (P. larvata) (Smith, 1827)[33]
Arctogalidia Merriam, 1897[34] Small-toothed palm civet (A. trivirgata) (Gray, 1832)[35]
Genettinae Genetta Cuvier, 1816[36]
Poiana Gray, 1864[19]

Phylogeny

The phylogenetic relationships of Viverridae are shown in the following cladogram:[1][11]

 Viverridae 
 Paradoxurinae 
 Paradoxurus 

Golden palm civet P. zeylonensis

Jerdon's palm civet P. jerdoni

Asian palm civet P. hermaphroditus

 Macrogalidia 

Sulawesi palm civet M. musschenbroekii

 Paguma 

Masked palm civet P. larvata

 Arctictis 

Binturong A. binturong

 Arctogalidia 

Small-toothed palm civet A. trivirgata

 Hemigalinae 
 Cynogale 

Otter civet C. bennettii

 Chrotogale 

Owston's palm civet C. owstoni

 Diplogale 

Hose's palm civet D. hosei

 Hemigalus 

Banded palm civet H. derbyanus

 Viverrinae 
 Viverrinae 
 Viverra 

Malabar large-spotted civet V. civettina

Large-spotted civet V. megaspila

Large Indian civet V. zibetha

Malayan civet V. tangalunga

 Civettictis 

African civet C. civetta

 Viverricula 

Small Indian civet V. indica

 sensu stricto 
 Genettinae 
 Poiana 

West African oyan P. leightoni

Central African oyan P. richardsonii

 Genetta 

Abyssinian genet G. abyssinica

Haussa genet G. thierryi

Giant forest genet G. victoriae

Johnston's genet G. johnstoni

Aquatic genet G. piscivora

Servaline genet G. servalina

Crested servaline genet G. cristata

South African small-spotted genet G. felina

Common genet G. genetta

Cape genet G. tigrina

Letaba genet G. letabae

Schouteden's genet G. schoutedeni

Rusty-spotted genet G. maculata

Angolan genet G. angolensis

Pardine genet G. pardina

Bourlon's genet G. bourloni

King genet G. poensis

 sensu lato 

Extinct species

Subfamily Genus Species
Viverrinae Viverra Linnaeus, 1758 Leakey's civet (V. leakeyi) Leakey, 1982
Semigenetta Helbing 1927
  • †S. cadeoti Roman and Viret 1934
  • †S. elegans Dehm, 1950
  • †S. grandis Crusafont & Golpe, 1981
  • †S. laugnacensis De Bonis, 1973
  • †S. ripolli Petter, 1976
  • †S. sansaniensis Lartet, 1851
Paradoxurinae Kichechia Savage, 1965[51]
Tugenictis Morales & Pickford, 2005[53][54] †T. ngororaensis[53] Morales & Pickford, 2005
Kanuites Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008[55] †K. lewisae[55] Dehghani & Werdelin, 2008
Siamictis Grohé et al., 2020[56] †S. carbonensis[56] Grohé et al., 2020

See also

References

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  2. ^ a b c Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Family Viverridae". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 548–559. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
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  9. ^ Veron, G.; Catzeflis, F. M. (1993). "Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic Malagasy carnivore Cryptoprocta ferox (Aeluroideae): DNA/DNA hybridization experiments". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 1 (3): 169–185. doi:10.1007/bf01024706. S2CID 21555307.
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Climate classification Areas of polar climate according to the Köppen climate classification:   Tundra climate (ET)   Ice cap climate (EF) Solar radiation has a lower intensity in polar regions because the angle at which it hits the earth is not as direct as at the equator. Another effect is that sunlight has to go through more atmosphere to reach the ground.[1] The polar climate regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters. Every m...

 

Ibn al-Bawwab

Arabic calligrapher and manuscript illuminator (d. 1022) Ibn al-BawwabIbn al-Bawwab script seen here is the earliest existing example of a Qur'an written in a cursive script, Chester Beatty LibraryBorn975 or 1000IraqDied1022 or 1031BaghdadKnown forIslamic calligraphyMovementNaskh Thuluth muhaqqaq Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ibn al-Bawwab. Ibn al-Bawwāb (Arabic: إِبْن ٱلْبَوَّاب), also known as Ali ibn-Hilal, Abu'l-Hasan, and Ibn al-Sitri, was an Arabic calligra...

 

Viru Valge

Estonian vodka brand Viru ValgeTypeVodkaManufacturerLivikoCountry of origin EstoniaIntroduced1962Alcohol by volume 38%, 40%, 80%Proof (US)76, 80, 160Related productsVana TallinnWebsitewww.viruvalge.ee Viru Valge is a high-quality grain-based Estonian vodka produced by Liviko since 1962, making it the oldest vodka brand in the country.[1][2] It is produced from Estonian grain and groundwater prepared by coal filtration.[1][2][3][4] The ...

Sineu

Municipality in Balearic Islands, SpainSineuMunicipalityA general view of Sineu FlagCoat of armsLocation within MallorcaSineuLocation in MallorcaShow map of MajorcaSineuSineu (Balearic Islands)Show map of Balearic IslandsSineuSineu (Spain)Show map of SpainCoordinates: 39°39′N 3°00′E / 39.650°N 3.000°E / 39.650; 3.000Country SpainAutonomous community Balearic IslandsProvinceBalearic IslandsComarcaPla de MallorcaArea • Total47.74 km2 (1...

 

South Wimbledon

Human settlement in EnglandSouth WimbledonSouth Wimbledon tube stationSouth WimbledonLocation within Greater LondonOS grid referenceTQ255705London boroughMertonCeremonial countyGreater LondonRegionLondonCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townLONDONPostcode districtSW19Dialling code020PoliceMetropolitanFireLondonAmbulanceLondon UK ParliamentWimbledonLondon AssemblyMerton and Wandsworth List of places UK England London 51°24′54″N 0...

 

2008 Tibetan unrest

Political violence in Tibet This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (March 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by ...

Scientology in popular culture

Scientology has been referenced in popular culture in many different forms of media including fiction, film, music, television and theatre. In the 1960s, author William S. Burroughs wrote about Scientology in both fictional short stories and non-fictional essays. The topic was dealt with more directly in his book, Ali's Smile/Naked Scientology. The 2000 film Battlefield Earth was an adaptation of a novel by L. Ron Hubbard. Musicians and playwrights have made reference to Scientology on some ...

 

72 series

Japanese train type This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (December 2020) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translat...

 

2018–19 Ipswich Town F.C. season

Ipswich Town 2018–19 football seasonIpswich Town2018–19 seasonOwnerMarcus EvansManagerPaul Hurst(until 25 October 2018)[1]Bryan Klug (caretaker)(25–27 October 2018)[2]Paul Lambert(from 27 October 2018)[3]StadiumPortman RoadChampionship24th (relegated)FA CupThird roundEFL CupFirst roundTop goalscorerLeague: Gwion Edwards / Freddie Sears (6)All: Gwion Edwards / Freddie Sears (6)Highest home attendance25,690(vs Norwich City, 2 Sep 2018, EFL Championship)Lowest home...

Solidarity Trial

Parte de uma série sobre aPandemia de COVID-19Scientifically accurate atomic model of the external structure of SARS-CoV-2. Each ball is an atom. SARS-CoV-2 (vírus)COVID-19 (doença) Cronologia2019 Pré-Dezembro Dezembro 2020 Janeiro Fevereiro Março Abril Maio Junho Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro Novembro Dezembro 2021 Janeiro Fevereiro Março Abril Maio Junho Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro Novembro Dezembro 2022 Janeiro Fevereiro Março Abril Maio Junho Julho Agosto Setembro Outubro Novembr...

 

Vladimir Fëdorov

Questa voce sull'argomento calciatori sovietici è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Vladimir FëdorovNazionalità Unione Sovietica Altezza171 cm Peso64 kg Calcio RuoloAttaccante Termine carriera11 agosto 1979 CarrieraSquadre di club1 1972-1979 Paxtakor176 (42) Nazionale 1974-1978 Unione Sovietica18 (0)1975-1976 Unione Sovietica olimpica7 (1) Palmarès  Olimpiadi BronzoMon...