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Vice admiral
Vice admiral;
	Flag of the vice admiral of the Unrestricted Line, United States Navy.
	The shoulder stars, shoulder boards, and sleeve stripes of a U.S. Navy vice admiral of the "line".
Country	United States of America
Service branch	United States Navy; United States Coast Guard; United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps; National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps; United States Maritime Service;
Abbreviation	VADM
Rank group	Officer
Rank	Three-star
NATO rank code	OF-8
Pay grade	O-9
Formation	1864
Next higher rank	Admiral
Next lower rank	Rear admiral
Equivalent ranks	Lieutenant general (uniformed services of the United States)

Vice admiral (abbreviated as VADM) is a three-star commissioned officer rank in the United States Navy, the United States Coast Guard, the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps, and the United States Maritime Service, with the pay grade of O-9. Vice admiral ranks above rear admiral and below admiral. Vice admiral is equivalent to the rank of lieutenant general in the other uniformed services.

Statutory limits

United States Code explicitly limits the total number of vice admirals that may be on active duty at any given time.

U.S. Navy

The total number of active-duty flag officers is capped at 162 for the U.S. Navy.^[1] For the Navy, no more than 20% of the service's active-duty flag officers may have more than two stars.^[2]^[3]^[4] Some of these slots can be reserved by statute. Officers serving in certain Defense Agency Director positions such as the Director of the Defense Logistics Agency (DLA), when filled by a naval officer, are vice admirals. The Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy is usually a vice admiral, either upon nomination or shortly thereafter. The President may also add vice admirals to the Navy if they are offset by removing an equivalent number of three-star officers from other services.^[2] Finally, all statutory limits may be waived at the President's discretion during time of war or national emergency.^[5]

U.S. Coast Guard

By statute, no more than five vice admiral positions may exist in the Coast Guard^[6] and, if there are five, one must be the chief of staff of the Coast Guard.^[6]

U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps

By statute, the only U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps officer who holds the rank of vice admiral is the officer serving as Surgeon General of the United States.^[7]

NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps

Although the rank of vice admiral exists in the NOAA Corps, its use is rare. Only three officers of the NOAA Corps or its ancestor organizations have reached the rank of vice admiral.^[8]

U.S. Maritime Service

While the Maritime Service has not been structurally organized since 1954, remnants of the service still commission officers for federal uniformed service, under the authority of the secretary of transportation^[9] and the president, to serve as administrators and instructors at the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy. Occasionally, the superintendent of the academy is appointed to the rank vice admiral due to their longevity in the position, or for prior military experience.^[10]^[11]

Appointment and tour length

The three-star grade goes hand-in-hand with the position or office it is linked to, so the rank is temporary. Officers may only achieve three-star grade if they are appointed to positions that require the officer to hold such a rank.^[12] Their rank expires with the expiration of their term of office, which is usually set by statute.^[12] Vice admirals are nominated for appointment by the President from any eligible officers holding the rank of rear admiral (lower half) or above, who also meet the requirements for the position, under the advice or suggestion of the Secretary of Defense, the applicable service secretary, or the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff.^[12] The nominee must be confirmed via majority vote by the Senate before the appointee can take office and thus assume the rank.^[12] The standard tour length for most vice admiral positions is three years but some are set four or more years by statute.

Extensions of the standard tour length can be approved, within statutory limits, by their respective service secretaries, the Secretary of Defense, the President or Congress but these are rare, as they block other officers from being promoted. Some statutory limits under the U.S. Code can be waived in times of national emergency or war. Three-star ranks may also be given by act of Congress but this is extremely rare.

Retirement

Other than voluntary retirement, statute sets a number of mandates for retirement. Three-star officers must retire after 38 years of service unless appointed for promotion or reappointed to grade to serve longer.^[13] Otherwise all flag officers must retire the month after their 64th birthday.^[14] The Secretary of Defense, however, can defer a three-star officer's retirement until the officer's 66th birthday and the president can defer it until the officer's 68th birthday.

Flag officers typically retire well in advance of the statutory age and service limits, so as not to impede the upward career mobility of their juniors. Since there is a finite number of three-star slots available to each service, typically one officer must leave office before another can be promoted.^[15] Maintaining a three-star rank is a game of musical chairs; once an officer vacates a position bearing that rank, the officer must be appointed or reappointed to a job of equal or higher importance within 60 days or involuntarily retires.^[12] Historically, officers leaving three-star positions were allowed to revert to their permanent two-star ranks to mark time in lesser jobs until statutory retirement, but now such officers are expected to retire immediately to avoid obstructing the promotion flow.

Gallery

U.S. Navy, U.S. Coast Guard, USPHSCC, NOAA Corps shoulder insignia
The collar stars, shoulder boards, and sleeve stripes of a United States Coast Guard vice admiral
The collar stars, shoulder boards, and sleeve stripes of a United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps vice admiral
The collar stars, shoulder boards, and sleeve stripes of a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Officer Corps vice admiral

Rank flag of a U.S. Coast Guard vice admiral (unrestricted line officer)
Rank flag of a U.S. Public Health Service Commissioned Corps vice admiral (serves as Surgeon General of the United States)
Rank flag of a NOAA Commissioned Officer Corps vice admiral

References

^ 10 U.S.C. § 526
^ ^a ^b 10 U.S.C. § 525
^ [1] Archived March 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Pub.L. 110-181: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008
^ [2] Archived March 18, 2012, at the Wayback Machine Pub.L. 110-181: National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 full text
^ 10 U.S.C. § 527
^ ^a ^b 14 U.S.C. § 305 – Vice admirals.
^ 42 U.S.C. § 207 – Grades, ranks, and titles of commissioned corps.
^ Adams, Amilynn E. (December 9, 2016). "NOAA Corps Commissioned Personnel Center". NOAA Commissioned Personnel Center Cyberflash. U.S. Department of Commerce. Archived from the original on October 18, 2022. Retrieved March 22, 2021.
^ "46 U.S. Code § 51701 - United States Maritime Service". LII / Legal Information Institute. Retrieved August 14, 2024.
^ "Vice Admiral Joanna M. Nunan, 14th Superintendent of the United States Merchant Marine Academy". United States Merchant Marine Academy. February 3, 2023. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Media Center (December 2, 2022). Adm. Nunan’s assumption of command - United States Merchant Marine Academy. Retrieved August 14, 2024 – via YouTube.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e 10 U.S.C. § 601
^ 10 U.S.C. § 636
^ 10 U.S.C. § 1253
^ [3] Archived December 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine DoD News Briefing on Thursday, June 6, 1996. Retirement of Admiral Leighton W. Smith Jr.