Verbena officinalis, the common vervain or common verbena, is a perennial herb native to Europe. It grows up to 70 cm high, with an upright habitus. The lobed leaves are toothed, and the delicate spikes hold clusters of two-lipped mauve flowers.[1]
This plant prefers limey soils; it is occasionally grown as an ornamental plant but perhaps more often for the powerful properties some herbalists ascribe to it. Propagation is by root cuttings or seed. It is widely naturalised outside its native range, for example in North America.
Common names and taxonomy
Flowers and leaves
It is also known as simpler's joy or holy herb, or more ambiguously as mosquito plant or wild hyssop. The common name blue vervain is also sometimes used, but also refers to V. hastata. Being the only member of its genus in much of its range, it is also simply known as vervain locally.
The common names of V. officinalis in many Central and Eastern European languages often associate it with iron, for example:
Verbena officinalis var. macrostachya (F. Muell.) Benth. (=V. macrostachya)
Verbena officinalis var. monticola Munir
Verbena officinalis var. officinalis L. (=V. domingensis)
The Texas vervain (V. halei) is sometimes included in V. officinalis as a subspecies or variety.[2] But despite the outward similarity, biogeography alone strongly suggests there is really no justification to include this North American native here, and DNA sequence data agrees. Instead, V. halei seems to be closely related to V. macdougalii, perhaps with some interbreeding with the V. menthifolia lineage which might explain its Common Vervain-like traits.[3]
Common vervain has been held in high esteem since classical antiquity; it has long been associated with divine and other supernatural forces, and it has an equally long-standing use as a medicinal plant. Herbal capsules are used as a soporific drug in much the same way as for the better known valerian.
Verbena officinalis herb has been used in the traditional Austrian medicine internally (as tea or liqueur) for treatment of infections and fever.[4] Medical use of Common Vervain is usually as a herbal tea; Nicholas Culpeper's 1652 The English Physitian discusses folk uses. "Vervain", presumably this species, is one of the original 38 Bach flower remedies, prescribed against "over-enthusiasm"[citation needed]. In the modern era, it is sometimes considered a powerful "ally" of poets and writers, as its relaxing effects can relieve writer's block.[citation needed] It cannot be considered safe to use during pregnancy as it might cause miscarriages.[citation needed]
While common vervain is not native to North America, it has been introduced there and the Pawnee have adopted it as an entheogen enhancer and in oneiromancy, and is often referred to as the North American version of Calea zacatechichi.[citation needed]
In western Eurasia, the term "verbena" or "vervain" usually refers to this, the most widespread and common member of the mostly American genus occurring there. It was called "tears of Isis" in Ancient Egypt, and later on "Juno's tears". In Ancient Greece, it was dedicated to Eos Erigineia.
In early medieval Europe, some accounts stated that Common Vervain was used to staunch Jesus' wounds after his removal from the cross; hence names like "Holy Herb" or (e.g. in Wales) "Devil's bane"[verification needed]. Because of the association with the Passion of Christ, it came to be used in ointments to drive out and repel "demonic" illness.
^Tobin, Graeme; Denham, Alison; Whitelegg, Margaret (2016). The Western herbal tradition : 2000 years of medicinal plant knowledge. London, England ; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Singing Dragon. p. 388.
^Tian, J; Zhao, Y. M.; Luan, X. H. (2005). "Studies on the chemical constitutents in herb of Verbena officinalis". Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi=Zhongguo Zhongyao Zazhi=China Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 30 (4): 268–9. PMID15724402.
