USS Langley (CV-1/AV-3) was the United States Navy's first aircraft carrier, converted in 1920 from the collier USS Jupiter (Navy Fleet Collier No. 3), and also the US Navy's first turbo-electric-powered ship. Conversion of another collier was planned but canceled when the Washington Naval Treaty required the cancellation of the partially built Lexington-class battlecruisers Lexington and Saratoga, freeing up their hulls for conversion to the aircraft carriers Lexington and Saratoga. Langley was named after Samuel Langley, an American aviation pioneer. Following another conversion to a seaplane tender, Langley fought in World War II. On 27 February 1942, while ferrying a cargo of USAAF P-40s to Java, she was attacked by nine twin-engine Japanese bombers[4] of the Japanese 21st and 23rd naval air flotillas[2] and so badly damaged that she had to be scuttled by her escorts. She was also the only carrier of her class.
President William H. Taft attended the ceremony when Jupiter's keel was laid down on 18 October 1911, at the Mare Island Naval Shipyard in Vallejo, California. She was launched on 24 August 1912, sponsored by Mrs. Thomas F. Ruhm; and commissioned on 7 April 1913, under Commander Joseph M. Reeves.[5] Her sister ships were Cyclops, which disappeared without a trace in World War I, Proteus, and Nereus, both of which disappeared on the same route as Cyclops in World War II.
Jupiter was the first turbo-electric-powered ship of the US Navy. Neptune had been built with a steam turbine and geared drive but performance was inferior to the earlier Cyclops with its two triple expansion steam engines. Jupiter's electric drive, designed by William Le Roy Emmet and built by the General Electric Company, consisted of two electric motors, each directly connected to a propeller shaft, powered by a single Curtis turbine and alternator set. At 2,000 rpm and 2,200 volts the set delivered a speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph) with propellers at 110 rpm. There was also a weight saving with the turbo-electric drive being 156 tons versus the 280 tons of equivalent machinery for Cyclops.[6]
After successfully passing her sea trial Jupiter embarked a United States Marine Corps detachment at San Francisco, California, and reported to the Pacific Fleet at Mazatlán, Mexico, on 27 April 1914, bolstering US naval strength on the Mexican Pacific coast in the tense days of the Veracruz crisis. She remained on the Pacific coast until she departed for Philadelphia, on 10 October. En route, the collier steamed through the Panama Canal on Columbus Day, the first vessel to transit it from the Pacific to the Atlantic.[5]
Prior to America's entry into World War I, she cruised the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, attached to the Atlantic Fleet Auxiliary Division. The ship arrived at Norfolk, Virginia, on 6 April 1917, and was assigned to the Naval Overseas Transport Service, interrupted her coaling operations by two cargo voyages to France, in June 1917 and November 1918. The first voyage transported a naval aviation detachment of 7 officers and 122 men to England.[7] It was the first US aviation detachment to arrive in Europe and was commanded by Lieutenant Kenneth Whiting, who became Langley's first executive officer five years later.[7] Jupiter was back in Norfolk, on 23 January 1919, whence she sailed for Brest, France, on 8 March, for coaling duty in European waters to expedite the return of victorious veterans to the United States. Upon reaching Norfolk, on 17 August, the ship was transferred to the West Coast. Her conversion to an aircraft carrier was authorized on 11 July 1919, and she sailed to Hampton Roads, Virginia, on 12 December, where she was decommissioned on 24 March 1920.[5]
Jupiter was converted into the first US aircraft carrier at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard, Portsmouth, Virginia. On 11 April 1920, she was renamed Langley in honor of Samuel Pierpont Langley, an American astronomer, physicist, aeronautics pioneer and aircraft engineer, and she was given the hull number CV-1. By early 1921, memories of World War I were swaying public opinion away from warship construction toward disarmament. Article VIII of the Washington Naval Treaty provided an exemption for experimental aircraft carriers in existence or building on 12 November 1921. The Washington Naval Treaty was signed on 6 February 1922; and Langley was recommissioned on 20 March 1922 for the purpose of conducting experiments in seaborne aviation. The commanding officer was Commander Kenneth Whiting, who had first proposed conversion of a collier to the General Board of the United States Navy three years earlier.[8][5] Langley was designed to carry up to 34 airplanes, e.g., 12 single-seaters, 12 two-seaters, and 10 “torpedo-dropping” aircraft.[9]
As the first American aircraft carrier, Langley was the scene of several seminal events in US naval aviation. On 17 October 1922, Lt. Virgil C. Griffin piloted the first plane—a Vought VE-7—launched from her full-length wooden deck.[10][11] Though this was not the first time an airplane had taken off from a ship, and though Langley was not the first ship with an installed flight deck, this one launching was of monumental importance to the modern US Navy.[5] With Langley underway nine days later, Lieutenant Commander Godfrey de Courcelles Chevalier made the first landing, in an Aeromarine 39B.[11] On 18 November, Commander Whiting was the first aviator to be catapulted from a carrier's deck.[5][12][13]
An unusual feature of Langley was provision for a carrier pigeon house on the stern between the 5-inch guns.[14] Pigeons had been carried aboard seaplanes for message transport since World War I, and were to be carried on aircraft operated from Langley.[14] The pigeons were trained at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard while Langley was undergoing conversion.[15] As long as the pigeons were released a few at a time for exercise, they returned to the ship; but when the whole flock was released while Langley was anchored off Tangier Island, the pigeons flew south and roosted in the cranes of the Norfolk shipyard.[15] The pigeons never went to sea again and the former pigeon house became the executive officer's quarters;[14] but the early plans for conversion of Lexington and Saratoga included compartments for pigeons.[15]
By 15 January 1923, Langley had begun flight operations and tests in the Caribbean Sea for carrier landings. In June, she steamed to Washington, D.C., to give a demonstration at a flying exhibition before civil and military dignitaries. She arrived at Norfolk on 13 June, and commenced training along the Atlantic coast and Caribbean which carried her through the end of the year. This publicity cruise stopped at Bar Harbor, Maine, Portland, Maine, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, Gloucester, Massachusetts, Boston and New York City. After entering port and anchoring, Langley published a takeoff and landing schedule so interested civilians might watch. Although the aviators did some formation flying over the cities, people were more interested in watching the shipboard takeoffs and landings. The planes seldom attained flying speed on deck when taking off while the ship was at anchor with little or no wind, but the pilots were confident their Vought VE-7s could reach flying speed during the 52 ft (16 m) drop from the flight deck before reaching the water.[16] In 1924, Langley participated in more maneuvers and exhibitions, and spent the summer at Norfolk for repairs and alterations, she departed for the West Coast late in the year and arrived in San Diego, California, on 29 November to join the Pacific Battle Fleet.[5]
Captain Joseph Mason "Bull" Reeves, who commanded all fleet aircraft, went aboard the Langley in October 1925. During the 1925 maneuvers aboard the Langley, Reeves developed dive-bombing tactics to attack enemy ships.[9]
In 1927, Langley was at the Guantanamo Bay Naval Base.[17] For the next 12 years, she operated off the California coast and Hawaii, engaged in training fleet units, experimentation, pilot training, and tactical-fleet problems.[5] Langley was featured in the 1929 silent film about naval aviation The Flying Fleet.[18]
On 25 October 1936, she put into Mare Island Navy Yard, California for overhaul and conversion to a seaplane tender. Though her career as a carrier had ended, her well-trained pilots had proved invaluable to the next two carriers, Lexington and Saratoga[5] (commissioned on 14 December and 16 November 1927, respectively).
Langley completed conversion on 26 February 1937 and was assigned hull number AV-3 on 11 April. She was assigned to the Aircraft Scouting Force and commenced her tending operations out of Seattle, Washington, Sitka, Alaska, Pearl Harbor, and San Diego, California. She departed for a brief deployment with the Atlantic Fleet from 1 February-10 July 1939, and then steamed to assume duties with the Asiatic Fleet at Manila arriving on 24 September.[5]
On the entry of the US into World War II, Langley was anchored off Cavite, Philippines.[5][19] On 8 December, following the invasion of the Philippines by Japan, she departed Cavite for Balikpapan in the Dutch East Indies. In the natural state of alarm (the attack on Pearl Harbor had happened the day before) 300 rounds were shot at an object in the sky before it was realized that it was the planet Venus.[20] As the Japanese advance continued, Langley proceeded to Australia, arriving in Darwin on 1 January 1942.[19] She then became part of the American-British-Dutch-Australian Command (ABDACOM) naval forces. Until 11 January, Langley assisted the Royal Australian Air Force in running anti-submarine patrols from Darwin.[5][19]
Langley went to Fremantle to pick up a cargo of 32 P-40 fighters of the Far East Air Force's 13th Pursuit Squadron (Provisional), along with U.S. Army Air Force (USAAF) pilots and ground crews.[19] At Fremantle, Langley and the cargo ship Sea Witch (loaded with an additional 27 unassembled and crated P-40s), joined Convoy MS.5 which had just arrived from Melbourne bound for Colombo, Ceylon with troops and supplies eventually destined for India and Burma. The convoy was composed of the United States Army Transport Willard A. Holbrook and the Australian troop transports Duntroon and Katoomba, escorted by the light cruiser USS Phoenix. MS.5 departed Fremantle on 22 February.[5][21] En route to Colombo, Langley and Sea Witch were directed by ABDACOM to leave the convoy and instead proceed individually to deliver the planes to Tjilatjap, Java.[5][21]
In the early hours of 27 February, Langley rendezvoused with the destroyers USS Whipple and USS Edsall, which had been sent from Tjilatjap to escort her.[5][19] Later that morning, a Japanese reconnaissance aircraft located the formation. At 11:40, about 75 nautical miles (139 km; 86 mi) south of Tjilatjap, the seaplane tender, along with Edsall and Whipple were attacked by sixteen Mitsubishi G4M "Betty" bombers of the Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service's Takao Kōkūtai, led by Lieutenant Jiro Adachi, flying out of Denpasar airfield on Bali, and escorted by fifteen A6M2 Reisen fighters. Rather than dropping all their bombs at once, the Japanese bombers attacked releasing partial salvos. Since they were level bombing from medium altitude, Langley was able to alter helm when the bombs were released and evade the first and second bombing passes, but the bombers changed their tactics on the third pass and bracketed all the directions Langley could turn. As a result, Langley took five hits from a mix of 60-and-250-kilogram (130 and 550 lb) bombs as well as three near misses,[22] with 16 crewmen killed.[23][note 1] The topside burst into flames, steering was impaired, and the ship developed a 10° list to port.[5][19] Langley went dead in the water as her engine room flooded. At 13:32, the order to abandon ship was passed.[5]
After taking off the surviving crew and passengers (Whipple rescued 308 men and Edsall 177) at 13:58, the escorting destroyers stood off and began firing nine 4-inch (100 mm) shells and two torpedoes into Langley's hull at 14:29[5] to prevent her from falling into enemy hands, scuttling her at approximately 08°51′04″S 109°02′03″E / 8.85111°S 109.03417°E / -8.85111; 109.03417 (USS Langley (AV-3)).[19] After being transferred to the oiler USS Pecos, many of Langley's crew were lost when Pecos was sunk en route to Australia by Japanese carrier aircraft. Out of over 630 total crewmen and Langley survivors on Pecos, 232 were rescued while more than 400 were left behind and died due to Japanese submarines in the area hindering rescue efforts. Exact casualty numbers for the doomed ships of the United States Asiatic Fleet and American-British-Dutch-Australian Command are impossible to gather because so many Allied warships were sunk in the Dutch East Indies campaign (at least 24 total) and many of those ships had already picked up survivors of other sunken ships and then were also sunk by the Japanese hours or days later.[25][26] Thirty-one of the thirty-three pilots assigned to the USAAF 13th Pursuit Squadron (Provisional) being transported by Langley remained on Edsall to be brought to Tjilatjap, but were lost when she was sunk on the same day by Japanese warships while responding to the distress calls of Pecos.[19] According to the Bureau of Naval Personnel a total of 288 U.S. Navy officers and crewmen from Langley were missing in action and later declared dead following the sinking of Langley and Pecos. Including the 31 USAAF pilots that were originally on Langley a total of 319 from Langley were killed.[27]
USS Langley (as AV-3) earned two battle stars on its Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Streamer: One for the Philippine Islands Operation, 8 December 1941 – 6 May 1942; and one for Netherlands East Indies Engagements, 23 January – 27 February 1942.[28]
Menara Yueyang岳阳楼Gambar Menara YueyangLokasinya di HunanInformasi umumJenisBangunanLokasiYueyang, HunanNegaraTiongkokKoordinat29°23′05″N 113°05′18″E / 29.384723°N 113.088262°E / 29.384723; 113.088262Koordinat: 29°23′05″N 113°05′18″E / 29.384723°N 113.088262°E / 29.384723; 113.088262Dibuka1950Tanggal renovasi1950Tinggi1.942 meter (6.371 ft)Data teknisBahan bangunanBatu bata dan kayuLuas lantai39.000 meter persegi (…
English nobleman and soldier (1649–1685) His GraceThe Duke of MonmouthKG PCPortrait by Peter Lely, c. 1680Born(1649-04-09)9 April 1649Rotterdam, Dutch RepublicDied15 July 1685(1685-07-15) (aged 36)Great Tower Hill, Tower of London, Liberties of the Tower, EnglandNationalityEnglishSpouse(s) Anne Scott, 1st Duchess of Buccleuch (m. 1663)Issue9, including: James Scott, Earl of Dalkeith Henry Scott, 1st Earl of Deloraine James Crofts Henrietta …
Cornelis Leenheer Nazionalità Paesi Bassi Pallanuoto Carriera Nazionale Paesi Bassi 1 I due numeri indicano le presenze e le reti segnate, per le sole partite di campionato.Il simbolo → indica un trasferimento in prestito. Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Cornelis Coenraad Cees Leenheer (Weesp, 5 giugno 1906 – Zwolle, 20 gennaio 1979) è stato un pallanuotista olandese. Ha fatto parte della rappresentativa dei Paesi Bassi che raggiunse i quarti di finale ai Giochi di A…
Avro Duigan Tipo Avión experimentalFabricante AvroDiseñado por Alliott Verdon RoePrimer vuelo Marzo de 1912N.º construidos 1Variantes Avro 500[editar datos en Wikidata] El Avro Duigan fue un biplano tractor monoplaza construido por A.V. Roe para el aviador pionero australiano John Robertson Duigan en 1911. Diseño y desarrollo Primer diseño de biplano de Roe, el Avro Type D había volado por primera vez en abril de 1911. El Avro Duigan era un importante refinamiento de este avión …
Richmond Dale Lugar designado por el censo Richmond DaleUbicación en el condado de Ross en Ohio Ubicación de Ohio en EE. UU.Coordenadas 39°12′07″N 82°48′50″O / 39.201944444444, -82.813888888889Entidad Lugar designado por el censo • País Estados Unidos • Estado Ohio • Condado RossSuperficie • Total 1.28 km² • Tierra 1.28 km² • Agua (0%) 0 km²Altitud • Media 181 m s. n. m.Población …
The DinnerSutradara Ivano De Matteo ProduserDitulis olehPenata musikFrancesco CerasiSinematograferVittorio Omodei ZoriniTanggal rilis 04 September 2014 (2014-09-04) (Venice Film Festival) 05 September 2014 (2014-09-05) Durasi92 minutesNegaraBahasa The Dinner (bahasa Italia: I nostri ragazzi) adalah film Italia produksi tahun 2014 bergenre drama yang disutradarai oleh Ivano De Matteo. Film ini diinspirasi oleh novel berjudul sama karya Herman Koch.[1][2] …
2017 song by Angèle La Loi de MurphySingle by Angèlefrom the album Brol Released23 October 2017Length3:15LabelAngèle VLSongwriter(s)Angèle Van LaekenVeence HanaoMatthew IronsProducer(s)AngèleTristan SalvatiAngèle singles chronology La Loi de Murphy (2017) Je veux tes yeux (2018) La Loi de Murphy is the debut single by Belgian singer Angèle released on 23 October 2017. This song was later included on her debut album Brol. Background La Loi de Murphy was written by Angèle with Belgian rapp…
Zastava Skala Zastava 311 Visão geral Nomesalternativos Zastava 101 Produção 1971 - presente Fabricante Zastava Modelos relacionados Fiat 128 O Skala é um modelo compacto da Zastava.[1] O Commons possui uma categoria com imagens e outros ficheiros sobre Zastava Skala Referências ↑ «Best Cars Web Site - Páginas da História - Zastava Yugo». www1.uol.com.br. Consultado em 15 de janeiro de 2021 Este artigo sobre automóveis é um esboço. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia expandindo-o.…
Partido Socialdemócrata en la RDASozialdemokratische Partei in der DDR Presidente Ibrahim Böhme, Stephan Hilsberg, Markus Meckel y Wolfgang ThierseLíder Markus MeckelIbrahim BöhmeWolfgang ThierseFundación 7 de octubre de 1989Disolución 26 de septiembre de 1990 [1]Ideología SocialdemocraciaSede BerlínPaís República Democrática AlemanaVolkskammer (1990) 88/4001 Integración en el Partido Socialdemócrata de Alemania[editar datos en Wikidata] El Partido Socialdemócra…
2000 soundtrack album by various artists Music from the Motion Picture Save the Last DanceSoundtrack album by various artistsReleasedDecember 19, 2000 (2000-12-19)GenreHip hopcontemporary R&BLength59:27LabelHollywoodProducerMitchell Lieb (exec.)Robert W. Cort (exec.)Thomas Carter (exec.)Anthony PresidentBabyfaceBattlecatBrainz DimiloBrian Lilz PalmerChristopher TroyDarrell Delite AllambyDarren LightyDarryl AnthonyDavinciEddie FFredro StarrJ DillaJaye & SweetOne EyePuff…
Teras diluvial di Sungai Katun, Altai Scabland, Republik Altai Riak arus besar di Cekungan Kuray, Altai, Rusia Diluvium adalah sebuah istilah dalam geologi untuk endapan superfisial yang dibentuk oleh aliran air mirip banjir, dan sangat berbeda dengan endapan aluvium atau aluvial yang terbentuk melalui perantara cair lambat dan stabil. Istilah ini sebelumnya digunakan untuk menyebut endapan tanah liat batuan yang diduga muncul setelah banjir besar zaman Nabi Nuh. Teras diluvial di Pegunungan Alt…
American college football season 2008 Auburn Tigers footballConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceDivisionWestern DivisionRecord5–7 (2–6 SEC)Head coachTommy Tuberville (10th season)Offensive coordinatorTony Franklin (1st season, Fired 10/8)Steve Ensminger (interim)Offensive schemeAir RaidDefensive coordinatorPaul Rhoads (1st season)Base defense4–3Home stadiumJordan–Hare Stadium(Capacity: 87,451)Seasons← 20072009 → 2008 Southeastern Conferenc…
2023 novel by Jessica George Maame AuthorJessica GeorgeLanguageEnglishGenreFictionPublished2023PublisherSt. Martin's Press Maame is a 2023 literary fiction novel written by Jessica George. George's debut novel, was published in 2023 by St. Martin's Press.[1][2][3] The novel was named the February 2023 book club pick on The Today Show.[4][5] Plot Maddie, a young woman in London, struggles to balance her life as caretaker of her critically ill father, her mo…
Private non-profit community hospital in Uganda Hospital in Eastern Region, UgandaNgora HospitalChurch of UgandaGeographyLocationNgora, Ngora District, Eastern Region, UgandaCoordinates01°28′42″N 33°47′35″E / 1.47833°N 33.79306°E / 1.47833; 33.79306OrganisationCare systemCommunity HospitalTypeGeneralAffiliated universityUGANDA PROTESTANT MEDICAL BUREAUServicesEmergency departmentIBeds180HistoryOpened1922LinksWebsitewww.ngorahospital.orgOther linksHospitals in …
Australian TV series or program 9am with David & KimAlso known as9amGenreMorning ShowPresented by Kim Watkins David Reyne Country of originAustraliaOriginal languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes938ProductionProduction locationsMelbourne, VictoriaRunning time120 minutes per episode (inc. commercials)Original releaseNetworkNetwork TenRelease30 January 2006 (2006-01-30) –11 December 2009 (2009-12-11) 9am with David & Kim is an Australian morning show which prem…
Cross Lanes Christian School is a private, Christian elementary and secondary school in Cross Lanes, West Virginia, United States. The school, located on a 42-acre campus, is a ministry of Cross Lanes Bible Church. The school has an enrollment of over 300 students in grades K-5 through grade 12. School in Cross Lanes, West VirginiaCross Lanes Christian SchoolCampus of Cross Lanes Christian SchoolAddress5330 Floradale DriveCross Lanes, West Virginia 25313InformationMottoEdify. Educate. Evangelize…
2022 album by DJ Khaled For the title track, see God Did (song). God DidStudio album by DJ KhaledReleasedAugust 26, 2022 (2022-08-26)Recorded2019 - 2022StudioWe The Best StudiosGenreHip hop[1]trap[2]Length57:11Label We the Best Epic Producer Aaron Ortega Akachi Blu2th Brook Beatz Charlie Coffeen Dawaun Parker Denaun Porter Dem Jointz DJ Khaled DJ Moon Dr. Dre & The ICU DT Duce Eza Focus… Fridayy H. Amarr Jason Lader Kanye West KXVI LenyZ Marko Lenz Matty …
برج الديك برج الديك بالصينية 鷄 أحد الأبراج الإثني عشر الصينية. هل أنت من برج الديك؟ إذا كنت مولود ضمن التواريخ التالية فهذا يعني أنك من أصحاب برج الديك:[1] تاريخ البداية تاريخ النهاية 22 يناير 1909 9 فبراير 1910 8 فبراير 1921 27 يناير 1922 26 يناير 1933 13 فبراير 1934 13 فبراير 1945 1 فبراير 1946 31…
2004 single by Fabolous BreatheSingle by Fabolousfrom the album Real Talk B-sideIt's GangstaReleasedAugust 30, 2004 (2004-08-30)StudioRight Track Studios, New York CityLength 4:28 (album version) 3:32 (radio edit) Label Atlantic Desert Storm Songwriter(s) John Jackson Justin Smith Roger Hodgson Richard Davies Producer(s)Just BlazeFabolous singles chronology Badaboom (2004) Breathe (2004) Baby (2005) AudioBreathe on YouTube Breathe is a song by American rapper Fabolous, released as…
Ceylon Tamil lawyer, politician and diplomat SirArunachalam MahadevaKCMG MLC MSCஅருணாசலம் மகாதேவாMinister of Home AffairsIn office1942–1946Preceded byD. B. JayatilakaSucceeded byOliver GoonetillekeMember of the Legislative Council of Ceylonfor Western Province TamilIn office1924–1930Member of the State Council of Ceylonfor JaffnaIn office1934–1947Ceylonese High Commissioner to IndiaIn office1948–1949Preceded byM. W. H de SilvaSucceeded byC. Coomaraswamy Pe…
Lokasi Pengunjung: 3.143.25.113