Designed as a modification over the previous Northampton-class cruiser, the Portland class displaced just under 10,000 long tons (10,000 t) and featured heavier armor and armament than previous cruisers. Featuring 8"/55 caliber guns and designed to function as fleet flagships, the Portland class were intended to fix problems with armament and armor that had been a weakness of preceding U.S. cruisers. These designs were carried over to the following New Orleans class, to which six intended Portland cruisers were converted, three of which were already mid-construction.
Portland served in many engagements including the Battle of Coral Sea, the Battle of Midway and the Guadalcanal Campaign, where she was severely damaged but nonetheless able to return to service. She later fought in the Battle of Leyte Gulf and the Battle of Okinawa. Indianapolis served as a fleet flagship for much of the war and fought in the Battle of Philippine Sea and the Battle of Iwo Jima. On 30 July 1945, after transporting components for the nuclear weaponsLittle Boy and Fat Man from the United States, she was torpedoed by the Japanese submarine I-58. Due to a series of errors and miscommunications her loss was not discovered for several days, and only 316 of her 1,195 crew survived – the greatest single loss of life at sea, from a single ship, in the history of the U.S. Navy.
Background
The Portland class was the third class of heavy cruiser to be constructed by the United States Navy following the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922. The first "treaty cruisers" were the two of the Pensacola class ordered in 1926, which emphasized armament and speed at the expense of protection. These ships were followed by the six vessels of the Northampton class ordered in 1927 with slightly better armor, and introduced the configuration of three triple turrets which would become standard on U.S. Navy heavy cruisers. The Portland class was a modification of both the Pensacola and Northampton designs.[1]
Portland was the first ship constructed under the provision of the 13 February 1929 "Cruiser Act"[2] of the United States Congress, which authorized one aircraft carrier and 15 "light cruisers" to be built. New Orleans (CA-32) had been assigned the first hull number in this group, but was eventually laid down later.[citation needed]
Ordered for the U.S. Navy in fiscal year 1930, the Portland class was originally designated as a light cruiser, and given the hull classification symbol CL, being re-designated a heavy cruiser with the symbol CA on 1 July 1931,[3] due to their armament, in accordance with the London Naval Treaty. Originally, eight cruisers were envisioned as modified Northampton-class vessels, but eventually two of these became the Portland class, with the remaining six eventually being further modified into the succeeding New Orleans class.[4] The first three New Orleans-class cruisers, New Orleans, Astoria, and Minneapolis, were initially ordered as Portland-class vessels, but were reordered to the design of USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37).[citation needed]
Design
As built, the Portland-class cruisers were to be 610 feet 3 inches (186.00 m) in length overall, 592 feet 0 inches (180.44 m) long at the waterline,[5] 64 feet 6 inches (19.66 m) abeam,[1] and with a draft of 21 feet 0 inches (6.40 m), and 24 feet 0 inches (7.32 m) maximum. They were designed for a standard displacement of 10,096 long tons (10,258 t), and a full-load displacement of 12,554 long tons (12,755 t).[6] However, neither completed ship reached this weight, displacing 9,800 long tons (10,000 t) and 9,950 long tons (10,110 t), respectively.[5] The ships featured two distinctive raked funnels, a tripod foremast, and a small tower and pole mast aft. In 1943, light tripods were added forward of the second funnel on each ship, and a prominent Naval director was installed aft.[5]
The ships were equipped with four propeller shafts and four Parsons GT geared turbines and eight Yarrow boilers. The power plant of the ships generated 107,000 shaft horsepower (80,000 kW) and the ships had a design speed of 32 knots (59 km/h) The ships were designed for a range of 10,000 nautical miles (19,000 km; 12,000 mi) at 15 knots (28 km/h).[5] Both completed ships rolled badly until fitted with bilge keels.[3]
The cruisers were armed with a main battery of nine Mark 9 8"/55 caliber guns arrayed in three triple mounts, a superfiring pair fore and one aft. For anti-aircraft defense, they were armed with eight 5"/25 caliber guns as well as two QF 3 pounder Hotchkiss guns. By 1945, the anti-aircraft defenses of both ships had repeatedly been upgraded, with each eventually receiving twenty four Bofors 40 mm guns. On Portland these were arranged in four quad mounts and four twin mounts, and on Indianapolis they were arrayed in six quad mounts. Both ships were also upgraded with twelve Oerlikon 20 mm cannons.[5] No torpedo tubes were fitted on either ship of the class.[7] The ships were outfitted with Mk. 8 rangekeepers and Mk. 27 directors which also housed auxiliary Mk. VII rangekeepers.[8]
The Portland class was originally designed with 1 inch (25 mm) of deck protection and 1 inch (25 mm) of side protection, but during construction they were substantially up-armored.[3] The ships were completed with belt armor 5 inches (130 mm) thick over the magazines and 3.25 inches (83 mm) elsewhere.[7] Armored bulkheads were between 2 inches (51 mm) and 5.75 inches (146 mm), deck armor was 2.5 inches (64 mm), the barbettes were 1.5 inches (38 mm), the gunhouses were 2.5 inches (64 mm), and the conning tower was 1.25 inches (32 mm).[5]
Additionally, the Portland-class cruisers were designed with space to be outfitted as fleet flagships, with space for a flag officer and his staff to operate. The class also featured an aircraft catapult amidships.[5] They could carry four aircraft. The total crew complement varied, with a regular designed crew complement of 807,[6] a wartime complement of 952, which could increase to 1,229 when the cruiser was operating as a fleet flagship.[5]
Comparison with previous cruiser designs
The Portland class was generally longer than the Northampton class by about 10 feet (3.0 m) and featured a revised bow shape. They were otherwise generally similar to the Northampton class, with an extended forecastle to improve sea-keeping abilities.[6] Their masts were reduced as compared to the Northampton class in order to reduce top weight.[9]
When completed, the Pensacola class displaced less than expected, at 9,000 long tons (9,100 t),[1] which was 980 long tons (1,000 t) less than expected, and were found to be greatly deficient in their protection.[3] For the following Northampton class, the armor protection was increased to 1,040 long tons (1,057 t) with 3 inches (76 mm) of armor along the main belt.[10] Still, these ships only displaced between 8,910 long tons (9,050 t) and 9,200 long tons (9,300 t)[1] While the Portland-class cruisers were more heavily armored than the preceding classes, this problem was found to be so significant that in fiscal year 1929, an entirely different design was formulated for a new class of cruisers, the New Orleans class. Several of the Portland hulls were then converted to New Orleans hulls during construction.[3]
The Portland class were also designed with more advanced armament in mind. Their main guns were the first to be specially designed to fire long-point projectiles with a streamlined shape, which increased the guns' range when compared with older cruiser guns. Such projectiles were in use by ships of the Imperial Japanese Navy, which until that point out-ranged U.S. cruisers with their firepower.[11] The New Orleans class was designed with these lessons in mind, intended to create a better balance between protection, armament and speed.[12]
Construction
Five ships were ordered in fiscal year 1930, to be constructed by three builders. In 1931, CA-32, CA-34, and CA-36, all ordered with Westinghouse machinery, were converted to the New Orleans class.[3][13]Portland was laid down by Bethlehem Steel at Quincy Shipyard on 17 February 1930, and Indianapolis was laid down by New York Shipbuilding Corporation on 31 March 1930.[5][14] The hull and machinery of both ships was provided by their respective builders.[3]Indianapolis was launched first, on 7 November 1931 and commissioned on 15 November 1932. Portland was launched on 21 May 1932 and commissioned on 23 February 1933.[5]
Indianapolis served as flagship of Scouting Force 1 during World War II, and saw action in a number of campaigns in the Pacific theater. She supported the Gilbert and Marshall island campaigns as well as operations off the Caroline Islands. Later in the war she fought in the Battle of Philippine Sea and later the Battle of Iwo Jima and participating in the Battle of Okinawa.[19]
In mid-1945, she sailed from the United States to Tinian Island carrying components of Little Boy and Fat Man, the two nuclear weapons which would later be used to bomb Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Sailing for Leyte unescorted under CaptainCharles B. McVay III, she was sunk by Japanese submarine I-58 on 30 July 1945, sinking in just 12 minutes. Many sailors were killed by sharks after the wreck. An estimated 900 of her 1,197 crew survived the initial sinking, but her SOS signal was not heard, and due to a series of errors and misunderstandings, her loss was not discovered until 2 August when her crew was spotted by reconnaissance plane. Only 320 men were recovered following the sinking, of whom 316 survived. McVay survived and faced a court martial and reprimand but retired in 1949 as rear-admiral, committing suicide in 1968.[19][20] Following years of efforts by some survivors and others to clear his name, McVay was posthumously exonerated by the 106th United States Congress and President Bill Clinton on 30 October 2000.[21]
Morrison, Samuel E. (2001), History of United States Naval Operations in World War II (Volume 15) Supplement and General Index, Edison, New Jersey: Castle Books, ISBN978-0785813163
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