Toposa language

Toposa
Toposa–Jiye
Native toSouth Sudan
RegionEastern Africa
EthnicityToposa
Speakers320,000 (2017)[1]
none
Language codes
ISO 639-3toq
Glottologtopo1242
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Toposa (also Akara, Kare, Kumi, Taposa, Topotha) is a Nilo-Saharan language (Eastern Sudanic, Nilotic) spoken in South Sudan by the Toposa people. Mutually intelligible language varieties include Jiye of South Sudan, Nyangatom of Ethiopia, Karimojong, Jie[2] and Dodos of Uganda and Turkana of Kenya. Teso (spoken in both Kenya and Uganda) is lexically more distant.

Phonology

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar
Plosive Voiceless p t k
Voiced b d ɡ
Affricate Voiceless t͡ʃ
Voiced d͡ʒ
Fricative s
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Flap r
Approximant w l j
  • All consonants (except, of course, for /w/ and /j/) can occur in labialized and palatalized forms.

Vowels

+ATR
Front Central Back
Close i u
Mid e o
Open
-ATR
Front Central Back
Close ɪ ʊ
Mid ɛ ɔ
Open a
  • Toposa, like many Nilotic languages, has vowel harmony with two sets of vowels: a set with the tongue root advanced (+ATR) and a −ATR set. +ATR is marked. The vowel /a/ is neutral with respect to vowel harmony.[3]
  • All nine vowels also occur as devoiced, contrasting with their voiced counterparts. These voiceless vowels occur primarily in prepause contexts. Some Toposa morphemes consist only of a high voiceless vowel; the functional load appears to be much greater with the high vowels than with the lower.[4]
  • Toposa has tone, which is grammatical rather than lexical. Tone is used to mark case in nouns and tense in verbs.

Bibliography

  • Schröder, Martin C. (1989). "The Toposa Verb in Narrative Structure". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 20: 129–142.
  • Schröder, Martin C.; Helga Schröder (1987a). "Voiceless Vowels in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 12: 17–26.
  • Schröder, Martin C.; Helga Schröder (1987b). "Vowel Harmony in Toposa". Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere. 12: 27–36.

References

  1. ^ Toposa at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ Jiye and Jie are the same name, but refer to different varieties
  3. ^ Schröder & Schröder 1987b, p. 27
  4. ^ Schröder & Schröder 1987a, p. 17

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