Tonka (fuel)

Tonka (also TONKA-250 and R-Stoff) is the name given to a German-designed rocket propellant first used in the Wasserfall missile,[1] and recently used by North Korea.[2] It was used in the Soviet Union under the name TG-02, for example in the engine designs of the A.M. Isayev Chemical Engineering Design Bureau.

Its name is a reference to the tonka bean.[3] Being invented during the Second World War, it has no connection to the similarly named toys.

Its composition is approximately 50% triethylamine and 50% xylidine/T1-Kerosene, most commonly used with nitric acid or its anhydrous nitric oxide derivatives (classified as the AK-2x family in the Soviet Union) as the oxidiser; the combination is hypergolic and has a maximum practical specific impulse of approximately 2.12–2.43 km/s (216–248 s) at sea level, with the latter figure stated as a specification for the R-21 Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile, first fielded in 1963.[4]

The Soviet Union reverse-engineered the Wasserfall missile and investigated the use of hypergolic propellants for the eventually abandoned Burya intercontinental cruise missile project. It put TG-02/AK-2x fuelled engines into service with the Kh-22 cruise missile[5] and the S5.4 de-orbit engine used on the Vostok and Voskhod spacecraft and the Zenit satellite.[6]

The most globalized use of Tonka is as an igniter in many Soviet Scud missile variants and its descendants, such as the North Korean Nodong, which are principally propelled by nitric acid and kerosene (TM-185). This combination is not hypergolic so needs an ignition source, supplied by a system that injects a few kilograms of Tonka fuel when ignition is desired.[7] The progenitor Scud engine, the S2.253, with a specific impulse of 2.15 km/s (219 s) at sea level,[8] popularized this ignition arrangement.

Triethylamine/xylidine mixtures composed the TX and TX2 fuels of the French SEPR rocket engines of the 1950s, used for auxiliary rocket power in the Mirage IIIC.[9] In aircraft use, TX fuels were later replaced by non-toxic kerosene jet fuels, simplifying fuelling of the aircraft. Little change was required to the engines but as this was no longer hypergolic with nitric acid, a small tank of TX was retained for ignition.

The use of Tonka by amateurs is not advised,[citation needed] because the exact proportions of ingredients necessary for the mixture to work as desired, rather than fail catastrophically, is a function both of the purity of the ingredients and their temperature during use.

See also

References

  1. ^ Nitric acid/Amine. Encycylopedia Astronautica
  2. ^ "Analysis of North Korean missiles using Tonka fuel". Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original on 2006-09-07.
  3. ^ Clark, John D. (1972). Ignition! An Informal History of Liquid Rocket Propellants. Rutgers University Press. p. 14. ISBN 0-8135-0725-1.
  4. ^ Nodong missile analysis by FAS. data on R-13/SS-N-4 and R-21/SS-N-5 Isayev engine S5.38
  5. ^ Soviet/Russian Cruise Missiles, Technical Report APA-TR-2009-0805
  6. ^ Brügge, Norbert. "Spacecraft-propulsion blocks (KDU) from Isayev's design bureau (now Khimmash)". B14643.de. Archived from the original on 2015-06-02. Retrieved 2015-06-02.
  7. ^ Debris from North Korea’s Launcher: What It Shows
  8. ^ "S2.253".
  9. ^ Rothmund, Christophe (2004). Reusable Man-rated Rocket Engines: The French Experience, 1944-1996 (PDF). 55th International Astronautical Congress. Vancouver, Canada. p. 2. IAC-04-IAA-6.15.3.02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-24.

Read other articles:

Kedua (album KLa Project)

KeduaAlbum studio karya KLa ProjectDirilisNovember 1990GenrePop, New waveDurasi48:07LabelTeam RecordsAquarius Musikindo (rilisan ulang setelah 1992)ProduserJan DjuhanaKronologi KLa Project KLa(1989)KLa1989 Kedua(1990) Best Cuts(1992)Best Cuts1992 Kedua adalah album kedua KLa Project. Album ini dirilis tahun 1990 dengan mengusung lagu andalan Yogyakarta. Album ini meraih 3 penghargaan BASF Awards 1991 untuk Kategori Lagu Terbaik, Aransemen Terbaik, dan Pop Tekno Terbaik untuk lagu Yogyakar...

 

 

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute

Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI)EERI logoAgency overviewFormed1948HeadquartersOakland, CAParent agencyU.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (when founded)Websitewww.eeri.org The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) is a leading technical society in dissemination of earthquake risk and earthquake engineering research both in the U.S. and globally. EERI members include researchers, geologists, geotechnical engineers, educators, government officials, and building code r...

 

 

Crise écologique

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article peut contenir un travail inédit ou des déclarations non vérifiées (février 2023). Vous pouvez aider en ajoutant des références ou en supprimant le contenu inédit. Voir la page de discussion pour plus de détails. Effets du Dust Bowl : tempête de poussière dans le Texas en 1935. En écologie, une crise écologique ou crise environnementale, se définit en tant qu'érosion pérenne de la ...

Sandomierz Voivodeship

Sandomierz VoivodeshipPalatinatus Sandomirensis Województwo SandomierskieVoivodeship of Poland14th century–1795 Coat of arms Sandomierz Voivodeship in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1635.CapitalSandomierzArea • 23,860 km2 (9,210 sq mi)History • Established 14th century• First partition August 5, 1772• Third partition October 24 1795 Political subdivisionscounties: 7 (as for 1662) Preceded by Succeeded by Crown of the Kingdom of ...

 

 

Internapoli Football Club 1968-1969

Questa voce sull'argomento stagioni delle società calcistiche italiane è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Voce principale: Internapoli Football Club. Internapoli Football ClubStagione 1968-1969Sport calcio Squadra Internapoli Allenatore Luís Vinício Presidente Giovanni Proto Serie C3º posto nel girone C. Maggiori presenzeCampionato: Pietti, Valle, Wilson (38) Miglior marcatoreCamp...

 

 

大字 (数字)

この項目には、一部のコンピュータや閲覧ソフトで表示できない文字が含まれています（詳細）。 数字の大字（だいじ）は、漢数字の一種。通常用いる単純な字形の漢数字（小字）の代わりに同じ音の別の漢字を用いるものである。 概要 壱万円日本銀行券（「壱」が大字） 弐千円日本銀行券（「弐」が大字） 漢数字には「一」「二」「三」と続く小字と、「壱」「�...

The Concept of Law

1961 book by H. L. A. Hart This article is about the book by H. L. A. Hart. For the topic of law, see Law. For the philosophyand theory of law, see Jurisprudence. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Concept of Law – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2012) (Learn ...

 

 

Monetazione scozzese

Davide I: penny Busto coronato con scettro Croce a ferro da mulino(rovescio di tipo inglese, simile alle monete di Stefano di Blois). La monetazione scozzese riguarda le monete emesse da una varietà di autorità locali e nazionali, tra cui il Regno di Scozia. Le monete che hanno circolato in Scozia dopo l'Atto di Unione del 1707 con l'Inghilterra sono comprese tra le monete della sterlina britannica. Indice 1 Primi commerci con i Romani (138 circa - 400) 2 Primo periodo medioevale 3 Periodo...

 

 

Valkenburg resistance

Resistance movement in Valkenburg, Limburg, Netherlands This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article...

Brucella melitensis

Brucella melitensis Penyakitovine and caprine brucellosis Pewarnaan GramGram-negatif TaksonomiSuperdomainBiotaDomainBacteriaKerajaanPseudomonadatiFilumPseudomonadotaKelasAlphaproteobacteriaOrdoHyphomicrobialesFamiliBrucellaceaeGenusBrucellaSpesiesBrucella melitensis lbs Brucella melitensis adalah spesies bakteri Gram-negatif dalam genus Brucella yang merupakan salah satu penyebab bruselosis. Bakteri ini cenderung menginfeksi kambing dan domba, tetapi kasus pada sapi, yak, kerbau, unta, alpaka...

 

 

Deep Purple in Concert

1980 live album by Deep PurpleDeep Purple in ConcertLive album by Deep PurpleReleased5 December 1980Recorded19 February 1970, 9 March 1972VenueBBC Studios (1970); Paris Theatre, London (1972)GenreHard rockLength117:00 (Original 2LP) 130:25 (2001 2CD edition)LabelHarvest Records (UK)Portrait Records (US)Purple Records (Ireland)ProducerJeff Griffin (1970) Pete Dauncey (1972)Deep Purple live albums chronology Last Concert in Japan(1977) Deep Purple in Concert(1980) Live in London(1982) ...

 

 

Billboard Hot 100

Song chart in the United States Hot 100 redirects here. For other uses, see Hot 100 (disambiguation). The current Billboard Hot 100 logo The Billboard Hot 100 is the music industry standard record chart in the United States for songs, published weekly by Billboard magazine. Chart rankings are based on sales (physical and digital), online streaming, and radio airplay in the U.S.[1] A new chart is compiled and released online to the public by Billboard's website on Tuesdays but post-dat...

乔冠华

乔冠华 中华人民共和国外交部部长 中国人民对外友好协会顾问 任期1974年11月—1976年12月总理周恩来 → 华国锋前任姬鹏飞继任黄华 个人资料性别男出生(1913-03-28)1913年3月28日 中華民國江蘇省盐城县逝世1983年9月22日(1983歲—09—22)（70歲） 中华人民共和国北京市籍贯江蘇鹽城国籍 中华人民共和国政党 中国共产党配偶明仁（1940年病逝） 龚澎（1970年病逝） 章含�...

 

 

Blocco Fiammingo

Vlaams BlokBlocco Fiammingo Stato Belgio Fondazione28 maggio 1979 Dissoluzione2004 IdeologiaNazionalismo fiammingo CollocazioneEstrema destra Seggi massimi Camera0 / 150 Seggi massimi Senato0 / 40 Seggi massimi Europarlamento0 / 25 Sito webvlaamsblok.be Bandiera del VB Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale Il Blocco Fiammingo (in fiammingo: Vlaams Blok) era un partito politico di estrema destra attivo in Belgio dal 1974 al 2004. Indice 1 Storia 2 Posizioni 3 Risultati ...

 

 

2 вересня

← вересень → Пн Вт Ср Чт Пт Сб Нд             1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30             2024 рік 2 вересня — 245-й день року (246-й у високосні роки) в григоріанському календарі. До кінця року залишається 120 днів. Цей день в історії: 1 вер�...

Stasiun Kotok

Stasiun Kotok Stasiun Kotok, 2019LokasiGumuksari, Kalisat, Jember, Jawa Timur 68193IndonesiaKoordinat8°7′50″S 113°46′56″E / 8.13056°S 113.78222°E / -8.13056; 113.78222Ketinggian+176 mOperator Kereta Api IndonesiaDaerah Operasi IX Jember Letakkm 207+405 lintas Surabaya Kota-Probolinggo-Kalisat-Panarukan[1] Jumlah peron3 (satu peron sisi yang rendah, satu peron pulau yang agak rendah, dan satu peron pulau yang rendah)Jumlah jalur3 (jalur 2: sepur luru...

 

 

Jalan Pemuda (Jakarta)

Jalan Pemuda dilihat dari JPO Halte Transjakarta UNJ (2015) Universitas Negeri Jakarta, salah satu bangunan yang terletak di Jalan Pemuda. Jalan Pemuda adalah nama salah satu jalan utama Jakarta. Jalan ini menghubungkan Matraman, Cempaka Putih, Rawamangun dan Pulo Gadung. Jalan ini membentang sepanjang 3,3 KM dari Rawamangun, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur sampai Jatinegara Kaum, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur. Jalan ini melintasi 3 Kelurahan, yakni: Rawamangun, Pulo Gadung, Jakarta Timur Jati, Pulo ...

 

 

Jean Crespin

French Protestant lawyer and printer Jean Crespin (c.1520 – 12 April 1572) was a French Protestant lawyer who became a significant printer[1] and martyrologist in Geneva. Life He was born at Arras and studied law at Leuven. In 1540 he was in Paris, where he worked with his friend François Baudouin under the leading jurist and advocate Charles Du Moulin, and became himself advocate at the Parlement of Paris. He became interested in the doctrines of the Reformed Church; and when ...

Basque language

Language of the Basque people BasqueeuskaraPronunciationIPA: [eus̺ˈkaɾa]Native toSpain, FranceRegionBasque CountryEthnicityBasqueNative speakers806,000 (2021)[1]434,000 passive speakers[2] and 6,000 monoglots[3][4]Language familyLanguage isolateEarly formsProto-Basque Aquitanian Dialects Biscayan Gipuzkoan Upper Navarrese Navarro-Lapurdian Eastern Navarrese † Souletin (Zuberoan) Alavese † Salazarese † Writing system Basque alphabet Ba...

 

 

The Burgate School and Sixth Form

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: The Burgate School and Sixth Form – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Academy in Fordingbridge, Hampshire, EnglandThe Burgate SchoolAddressSalisbury RoadFordingbridge, Hampshire, SP6 1EZEnglan...