Tiourarén Formation

Tiourarén Formation
Stratigraphic range: Middle or Late Jurassic 170–145 Ma (Suggested post Bathonian, reaching either Oxfordian or even Barremian)
Map showing dinosaur localities around Agadez, Niger
TypeGeological formation
Unit ofIrhazer Group
UnderliesTazolé Formation (Tegama Group)
OverliesIrhazer Shale
Thickness~350 m (1,150 ft)
Lithology
PrimarySiltstone, mudstone
OtherSandstone, marl, limestone
Location
Coordinates16°30′N 7°48′E / 16.5°N 7.8°E / 16.5; 7.8
Approximate paleocoordinates8°12′N 2°30′E / 8.2°N 2.5°E / 8.2; 2.5
RegionAgadez
Country Niger
ExtentIullemmeden Basin
Type section
Named forTiourarén hill, Agadez
Named byMoody R.T.J. & Sutcliffe P.J.C.
Tiourarén Formation is located in Niger
Tiourarén Formation
Tiourarén Formation (Niger)

The Tiourarén Formation is a geological formation in the Agadez Region of Niger whose strata were originally thought to be Early Cretaceous. However, re-interpretation of the sediments showed that they are probably Middle or Late Jurassic (Bathonian-Oxfordian) in age.[1][2] Other works suggested it reaches the Barremian.[3] It is the uppermost unit of the Irhazer Group. Dinosaur remains & other vertebrates are among the fossils that have been recovered from the formation.[4] Originally part of the "Argiles de l'Ihrazer", the Tiouaren Formation primarily comprises reddish to purple siltstones with occasional marls, limestones, and scarce channel sandstones.[1]

Description

West African basins, with the Iullemmeden Basin where the Tiourarén Fm is recovered

The formation comprises reddish, almost solid mudstones, which also shows grey and white streaks, probably caused by alternating oxidative and reducing environments. Stromatolites are intermittently found in calcareous layers, while indications of semi-arid to arid conditions such as desiccation cracks and caliche horizons have been reported. The formation suggests a low-energy setting with expansive floodplains, temporary shallow lake development,and calcrete horizon interchanged with swamps, with seasonal flooding from a meandering, shallow river system dominated by overbanked silt. Many sandstone channels are composed of reworked sand grain-sized pebbles of mudstone, supporting the view of a predominantly low-relief environment.[2] This latter feature is suggested by the widespread occurrence freshwater ostracod accumulations and rarer unionid bivalve shells.[5]

The Early Cretaceous dating for the Tiouaren Formation was based on vertebrate fossil evidence, specially Mawsoniidae coelacanths (referred without evidence to Mawsonia lavocati), while other taxa like Hybodus? sp. and Lepidotes? sp., are either dubious or have a suggested wide temporal distribution and invertebrates (conchostracans and unionid bivalves), offer limited stratigraphic value.[1] Recent report of an ash bed and other potentially datable beds near fossil bearing horizons opens the possibility of a future age calibration.[6]

Fossil content

Color key
Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon
Notes
Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Bivalves

Fishes
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Adrarunio[7] A. deserticus Teguidda-n-Adrar Lower Member Shells A nakamuranaiadid freshwater bivalve; one of the earliest known trigonioidoids
Afrohyrioides[7] A. jowikolensis
  • 20 km E of Mount Bellal
  • Mount Iguallala
 Upper Member Shells A unionid freshwater bivalve
Coactunio[7] C. iguallalensis
  • Mount Iguallala
  • Mount Ebenenanoua
 Upper Member Shells A unionid freshwater bivalve
Paraheudeana[7] P. soudanensis
  • In-Tedreft
  • KP-35, Zinder track
  • Reg Tamesna
 All Members Shells A margaritiferid freshwater bivalve
Rostrunio[7] R. lapparenti KP-35, Zinder track Upper Member Shells A unionid freshwater bivalve
Saharella[7] S. tedreftensis Reg Tamesna Upper Member Shells A unionid freshwater bivalve
Tamesnella[7] T. amatouensis
  • SE of In-Afer
  • In-Amatou
  • 20 km E of Mount Bellal
  • SW of Oued Tessellamane
 Upper Member Shells A tamesnelloid freshwater epifaunal substrate bivalve
Tamesnelloides[7] T. lithoides SE of In-Afer Upper Member Shells A tamesnelloid freshwater epifaunal substrate bivalve
Tegulaedon[7] T. humei
  • SE of In-Afer
  • 35 km NE of Mount Bellal
 Upper Member Shells A margaritiferid freshwater bivalve
Tuaregunio[7] T. agadesensis KP-35, Zinder track Upper Member Shells A unionid freshwater bivalve
Unionelloides[7] U. globulosus
  • Teguidda-n-Tessoumt
  • SE of In-Afer
  • In-Amatou
  • 35 km NE of Mount Bellal
  • 20 km E of Mount Bellal
  • SW of Oued Tessellamane
  • Erg Jadal
 Upper Member Shells A unionid freshwater bivalve
U. (Phortunio) giganteus 10 km E of In-Abangarit
U. bellalensis 35 km NE of Mount Bellal Upper Member Shells
Unionida[7] Indet A Reg Tamesna All Members Shells Indeterminate A unionid freshwater bivalves
Indet. B Teguidda-n-Adrar

Fishes

Fishes
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Asiatoceratodus[1][8] A. tiguidensis
  • Irhazer Plain
  • Falaise de Tiguidit
 Upper Member Isolated tooth plates & other remains An asiatoceratodontid lungfish
Ceratodus[9] C. sp. Falaise de Tiguidit Upper Member Tooth plates A ceratodontid lungfish
Holostei[9] Indeterminate Falaise de Tiguidit Upper Member "scales of ganoid fishes" Indeterminate fish remains
Hybodus?[1] H.? spp.
  • Abaka, Agadez
  • Tadibene
  • Irhazer Plain
 Upper Member Teeth A hybodontiform chondrichthyan
Mawsoniidae[1][10] Indeterminate Upper Member Teeth, isolated scales & partially articulated remains of the caudal fin A coelacanth, previously referred to Mawsonia
Lepidotes?[1] L. spp. Upper Member Isolated scales A lepisosteiform bony fish

Testudinata

"Turtle Bones" where quoted in the OR description of the unit.[5]

Turtles
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images

Testudinata?[11]

Indeterminate

Irhazer Plain

Upper Member

Isolated egg

Based on the "small size, spherical shape, and small pores" was suggested it belonged to a turtle

Crocodylomorpha

"Crocodiles" where quoted in the OR description of the unit.[5]

Crocodylomorphs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Crocodylomorpha[9] Indeterminate
  • Falaise de Tiguidit
  • Tawachi[12]
 Upper Member Teeth, osteoderms Indeterminate crocodylomorph remains
Goniopholididae[13] Gen. et sp. nov A Irhazer Plain Upper Member Complete skull The first African goniopholidids, suggesting connections with Laurasia
Gen. et sp. nov B Irhazer Plain Upper Member Narrow cranium with elongated snout

Avemetarsalia

"Rare (in abundance) pterosaurs" where quoted in the OR description of the unit.[5]

Dinosaurs
Genus Species Location Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Afrovenator[14][15] A. abakensis Abaka, Agadez Upper Member UC OBA 1, partial skull and associated postcranial remains An afrovenatorine megalosauroidean
A? sp. NE of Tadibene Upper Member TP4-12, rostral part of left maxilla
Cf. A sp.[16][12] Tawachi Upper Member Premaxillae, dentaries and appendicular skeleton
Allosauridae[15] Indeterminate NE of Tadibene Upper Member TP4-6; TP4-7, isolated teeth Teeth referred to allosaurids or basal allosauroids
Ceratosauria[15] Indeterminate NE of Tadibene Upper Member TP4-4, isolated teeth An indeterminate ceratosaur
Eusauropoda[6] Gen. et sp. nov 1 Irhazer Plain Lower Member Skull and multiple articulated postcranial skeletons A notoriously complete taxon with stocky proportions, robust skull, and short neck
Gen. et sp. nov 2 Agadez Upper Member Dorsal vertebrae, humerus, and femur Differs from other local taxa on pleurocoels on posterior dorsal vertebrae and a longer humerus relative to the femur
Jobaria[17] J. tiguidensis
  • Tamerát, Agadez
  • Fako, Agadez
  • Tawachi[12]
 Upper Member Skull and several skeletons A sauropod, maybe a eusauropod; among the most abundant terrestrial vertebrates in the formation
Megalosauridae[15] Indeterminate NE of Tadibene Upper Member TP4-5, TP4-8, TP4-10, teeth An indeterminate megalosaur

"Rebbachisaurus"[14][18]

"R." tamesnensis[14]

Tamerát, Agadez

Upper Member

Dorsal vertebrae and scapula

An indeterminate sauropod, also reported from younger Cretaceous beds, likely representing different taxa.

Sauropoda[9][19] Indeterminate
  • Falaise de Tiguidit
  • Soureya buttes
 Upper Member
  • SMNB 1695-R, articulated caudal series, partial other postcrania
  • Undescribed isolated & disarticulated bones
 Indeterminate or unnamed sauropod remains

Spinosauridae?[15]

Indeterminate

NE of Tadibene

Upper Member

TP4-2, TP4-3 , teeth

Referred to spinosaurs, may be of ceratosaur origin instead

Spinostropheus[20] S. gautieri
  • Fako, Agadez
  • Tawachi[12]
  • Tedreft
 Upper Member Remains of many individuals including cervical, dorsal, and caudal vertebra, partial left humerus, ulna, distal pubis, distal femur, incomplete tibia, fibulae, metatarsals, pedal phalangeal fragments, and manual unguals[21] Possibly a basal ceratosaurian, a basal abelisauroid, or a noasaurid
Thyreophora[22] Gen. et sp. nov
  • Abaka, Agadez
  • Tawachi[12]
 Upper Member "Associated, but disarticulated, bones, teeth, and abundant scutes from many individuals ranging in maturity from subadult to adult" A basal thyreophoran, suggested to be related to Scutellosaurus. A relatively common taxon, with a bonebed of up to twenty individuals.[10]
Turiasauria[23] Gen. et sp. nov Agadez Upper Member Partial articulated skeletons Differs from Jobaria in deflected humeral head, shorter to the ulna and radius

Plantae

Genus Species Stratigraphic position Stratigraphic position Material Notes Images
Taxodioideae[9] Indeterminate Falaise de Tiguidit Upper Member Fossil wood Conifer wood referred the family Cupressaceae. Petrified wood is notoriously abundant, suggesting dense forested areas surrounding the local braided river systems
Taxodium distichum, extant example of conifer of the same family

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Rauhut, Oliver W.M.; López-Arbarello, Adriana (2009). "Considerations on the age of the Tiouaren Formation (Iullemmeden Basin, Niger, Africa): Implications for Gondwanan Mesozoic terrestrial vertebrate faunas". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 271 (3–4): 259–267. Bibcode:2009PPP...271..259R. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.10.019. ISSN 0031-0182.
  2. ^ a b Tuiguidit foreland at Fossilworks.org
  3. ^ Le Loeuff, J.; Läng, E.; Cavin, L.; Buffetaut, E. (2012). "Between Tendaguru and Bahariya: on the age of the Early Cretaceous dinosaur sites from the Continental Intercalaire and other African formations" (PDF). Journal of Stratigraphy. 36 (486): 584–601.
  4. ^ Weishampel, David B; et al. (2004). "Dinosaur distribution (Early Cretaceous, Africa)." In: Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 571-573. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.
  5. ^ a b c d Moody, R.T.J.; Sutcliffe, P.J.C. (1991). "The Cretaceous deposits of the Iullemmeden Basin of Niger, central West Africa". Cretaceous Research. 12 (2): 137–157. doi:10.1016/s0195-6671(05)80021-7. ISSN 0195-6671.
  6. ^ a b Vidal, Daniel; Sereno, Paul C.; Myhrvold, Nathan (2023). "Temporal Sequence And Diversity Of Sauropod Dinosaurs In The Middle To Late Jurassic Irhazer Series Of Niger" (PDF). SVP 2023 PROGRAM GUIDE. 83rd Annual Meeting. 83 (1): 433–434.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Van Damme, Dirk; Bogan, Arthur E.; Dierick, Manuel (2015). "A revision of the Mesozoic naiads (Unionoida) of Africa and the biogeographic implications". Earth-Science Reviews. 147: 141–200. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.04.011. ISSN 0012-8252.
  8. ^ López-Arbarello, A.; Rauhut, O. W.; Moser, K. (2008). "Jurassic fishes of Gondwana". Revista de la Asociación Geológica Argentina. 63 (4): 586–612. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e Witzmann, Florian; Hampe, Oliver; Rothschild, Bruce M.; Joger, Ulrich; Kosma, Ralf; Schwarz, Daniela; Asbach, Patrick (2016-01-25). "Subchondral cysts at synovial vertebral joints as analogies of Schmorl's nodes in a sauropod dinosaur from Niger". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 36 (2): e1080719. doi:10.1080/02724634.2016.1080719. ISSN 0272-4634.
  10. ^ a b DeVries, Raina; Sereno, Paul; Gamonal, Arturo; Fontela, Noelia (2023). "Small-Bodied Armored Dinosaur From Niger (Irhazer Series: Tiourarén Formation) Documents The Basal Acquisition Of Quadrupedal Posture And Subadult Herding Behavior Among Thyreophorans (Dinosauria: Ornithischia)" (PDF). SVP 2023 Program Guide. 83 (1): 143–144.
  11. ^ Mezak, Curren K; Choi, Seung (2021). "Using Ebsd For The Identification Of A Fossilized Egg Found In The Middle Jurassic Tiouraren Formation Of Niger, Africa". SVPA 81st Annual Meeting. 81 (1): 188.
  12. ^ a b c d e González Pérez, A.; Vidal, D.; Ciudad Real Ballestero, M.; Simarro Cano, Á.; Sereno, P.C. (2024). "Three-dimensional skeletal reconstruction of Afrovenator abakensis (Theropoda: Megalosauroidea) from Niger, West Africa". SVP2024. 84: 227–228.
  13. ^ Pol, D.; Sereno, P.C. (2019). "New Jurassic and Cretaceous neosuchians from the Sahara add to Africa´s remarkable crocodyliform diversity and its paleogeographic connection with northern landmasses". Congreso; 79° Annual Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology. 79 (1): 171.
  14. ^ a b c Sereno, P.C.; Wilson, J.A.; Larsson, H.C.; Dutheil, D.B.; Sues, H.D. (1994). "Early cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara". Science. 266 (5183): 267–271. Bibcode:1994Sci...266..267S. doi:10.1126/science.266.5183.267. PMID 17771449. S2CID 36090994.
  15. ^ a b c d e Serrano-Martínez, Alejandro; Ortega, Francisco; Sciscio, Lara; Tent-Manclús, José Enrique; Fierro Bandera, Ignacio; Knoll, Fabien (2015). "New theropod remains from the Tiourarén Formation (?Middle Jurassic, Niger) and their bearing on the dental evolution in basal tetanurans". Proceedings of the Geologists' Association. 126 (1): 107–118. Bibcode:2015PrGA..126..107S. doi:10.1016/j.pgeola.2014.10.005. ISSN 0016-7878.
  16. ^ González Pérez, A.; Ciudad Real, M.; Simarro Cano, A.; Vidal, D.; Sereno, P. C. (2024). "Updated 3D skeletal reconstruction and cursorial limb proportion of Afrovenator abakensis (Theropoda: Megalosauridae) with new specimens" (PDF). Moncunill-Solé, B., Blanco, A., Grandal d'Anglade, A., González Fortes, G., Santos Fidalgo, L., Bao, R. (Eds.), Libro de Resúmenes de las XXXIX Jornadas SEP. Palaeontological Publications. 5 (1): 71.
  17. ^ Sereno, Paul C.; Beck, Allison L.; Dutheil, Didier B.; Larsson, Hans C. E.; Lyon, Gabrielle H.; Moussa, Bourahima; Sadleir, Rudyard W.; Sidor, Christian A.; Varricchio, David J.; Wilson, Gregory P.; Wilson, Jeffrey A. (1999-11-12). "Cretaceous Sauropods from the Sahara and the Uneven Rate of Skeletal Evolution Among Dinosaurs". Science. 286 (5443): 1342–1347. doi:10.1126/science.286.5443.1342. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 10558986.
  18. ^ Olshevsky, G. (1995-03-24). "African Dinosaur Discoveries". Science. 267 (5205): 1750. doi:10.1126/science.267.5205.1750. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 17775786.
  19. ^ Lapparent, A. F. d. (1960). "Les Dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire" du Saharal central [The dinosaurs of the "Continental Intercalaire" of the central Sahara]". Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouvelle série (A). 39 (88): 1–57.
  20. ^ Sereno, Paul C.; Wilson, Jeffrey A.; Conrad, Jack L. (2004-07-07). "New dinosaurs link southern landmasses in the Mid–Cretaceous". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1546): 1325–1330. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2692. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 1691741. PMID 15306329.
  21. ^ Souza-Júnior, André Luis de; Candeiro, Carlos Roberto dos Anjos; Vidal, Luciano da Silva; Brusatte, Stephen Louis; Mortimer, Mickey (2023-07-05). "Abelisauroidea (Theropoda, Dinosauria) from Africa: a review of the fossil record". Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia. 63: e202363019. doi:10.11606/1807-0205/2023.63.019. ISSN 1807-0205.
  22. ^ Ridgwell, Nicole; Sereno, Paul (2010). "A basal Thyreophoran (Dinosauria, Ornithischia) from the Tiouraren Formation of Niger". 70th Anniversary Meeting of the Society of Vertebrate Paleontology, Program and Abstracts. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology: 150A – 151A.
  23. ^ Vidal, D.; Ciudad Real Ballestero, M.; Gascó-Lluna, F.; Sanchez Fontela, N.; Sereno, P. C. (2024). "Jurassic sauropod dinosaurs from Niger and their connection to the Iberian Peninsula" (PDF). In Moncunill-Solé, B., Blanco, A., Grandal d'Anglade, A., González Fortes, G., Santos Fidalgo, L., Bao, R. (Eds.), Libro de Resúmenes de las XXXIX Jornadas SEP. 5: 232.

Further reading

  • A. F. d. Lapparent. 1960. Les Dinosauriens du "Continental intercalaire" du Saharal central [The dinosaurs of the "Continental Intercalaire" of the central Sahara]. Mémoires de la Société géologique de France, nouvelle série 39(88A):1-57
  • P. C. Sereno, A. L. Beck, D. B. Dutheil, H. C. E. Larsson, G. H. Lyon, B. Moussa, R. W. Sadleir, C. A. Sidor, D. J. Varricchio, G. P. Wilson, and J. A. Wilson. 1999. Cretaceous sauropods from the Sahara and the uneven rate of skeletal evolution among dinosaurs. Science 286:1342-1347
  • P. C. Sereno, J. A. Wilson, H. C. E. Larsson, D. B. Dutheil, and H.-D. Sues. 1994. Early Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Sahara. Science 266(5183):267-271
  • F. Witzmann, O. Hampe, B. M. Rothschild, U. Joger, R. Kosma, D. Schwarz, and P. Asbach. 2016. Subchondral cysts at synovial vertebral joints as analogies of Schmorl's Nodes in a sauropod dinosaur from Niger. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 36(2):e1080719:1-11

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Finger cot

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Campeonato colombiano 1956

Campeonato colombiano 1956 IX ediciónDatos generalesSede  ColombiaAsociación ConmebolFecha 1956Edición 9Organizador División Mayor del Fútbol (Dimayor)PalmarésDef. título Independiente MedellínPrimero Deportes Quindío (1)Segundo C. D. Los MillonariosDatos estadísticosParticipantes 13 equiposPartidos 156Goles 626 (4,01 por partido)Mayor anotador Jaime Gutiérrez (21) Cronología Campeonato colombiano 1955 Campeonato colombiano 1956 Campeonato colombiano 1957 [editar datos e...

 

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Czech political crisis in 1997–1998 started as a result of irregularities in finances of Civic Democratic Party (ODS). It peaked with so-called Sarajevo atentate, an attempt to remove Václav Klaus from leadership of Civic Democratic Party. The attempt occurred during Klaus' visit in Sarajevo.[1] Crisis led to split in ODS and snap election in 1998.[2] History Civic Democratic Party (ODS) led by Václav Klaus won 1996 legislative election but its coalition with Civic Democra...

 

Oued Laou

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