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Theodore Kavalliotis
Theodore Kavalliotis
Born	1718; Moscopole, Ottoman Empire (modern Albania) or Kavala, Ottoman Empire (modern Greece)
Died	1789; Moscopole, Ottoman Empire (modern Albania)
Occupation(s)	Schoolmaster at the New Academy (Moscopole), ; Philosopher,; Priest

Cover of 'Protopeiria', printed in Venice, 1770.

Theodore Anastasios Kavalliotis (Greek: Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης; Aromanian: Teodor Anastasie Cavalioti;^[1] Albanian: Theodor Kavalioti,^[2] 1718 – 11 August 1789^[3]) was a Greek Orthodox priest, teacher and a figure of the Greek Enlightenment.^[4] He is also known for having drafted an Aromanian–Greek–Albanian dictionary.^[5]

Early life

Theodoros Anastasiou Kavalliotis was born in Kavala or Moscopole, where he spent most of his life. He has been described variously as either Aromanian, Albanian^[6] or Greek.^[7] Regardless, Kavalliotis had a Greek identity.^[8] He studied in Moscopole and later pursued higher studies in mathematical and philosophical sciences, at the Maroutseios college in Ioannina (in 1732-1734), directed by Eugenios Voulgaris.^[9]

Working period

A scene from a class in the New Academy of Moscopole, published in 1750 on the cover of Theodore Kavalliotis' book. The teacher on the left could be Kavalliotis himself. Engraving by Theodor Gruntovic or Gregory of Durrës.

He returned to Moscopole and was appointed teacher at the New Academy (Greek: Νέα Ακαδημία, romanized: Nea Akadimia) in 1743.^[10] In 1750, he succeeded his former teacher Sevastos Leontiadis and became director of the New Academy for more than 20 years (1748–1769).^[11] His works, written in Greek, are: Logic (1749, unpublished), Physics (1752, unpublished), Grammar of modern Greek (1760), Metaphysics (1767), Protopeiria (1770). They were used extensively and hand-made copies were found even as far as Iaşi, Romania. After the destruction of Moscopole in 1769, he probably went to Tokaj, Hungary, but returned in 1773.^[11]

In 1770, he published in Venice, at Antonio Bortoli's printing press, a school textbook, called Protopeiria.^[12] Protopeiria is a 104 pages textbook, which in pages 15–59 included a trilingual lexicon of 1,170 Greek, Aromanian and Albanian words.^[13] This work aimed at the Hellenization of the non-Greek-speaking Christian communities in the Balkans.^[14]^[15] The lexicon was re-published in 1774 by the Swedish^[16] professor Johann Thunmann, who taught at the University of Halle-Wittenberg. Thunmann added a Latin translation to the words in Greek, Aromanian and Albanian.^[17]

Besides Eugenios Voulgaris, he was also influenced by the work of Vikentios Damodos, Methodios Anthrakites, René Descartes and medieval scholastics.^{[citation needed]}

Kavalliotis couldn't manage to reestablish the destroyed New Academy.^[18] During his last months he witnessed another wave of destruction of his home place, in June 1789, by local Muslim lords. Kavalliotis died at August 11, 1789, aged 71.^[19]

Sample from the first page of the Lexicon

Ῥωμαίϊκα (Romaic - modern Greek)	Βλάχικα (Vlach - Aromanian)	Ἀλβανίτικα (Albanian)	English translation	(Daco-)Romanian translation
Ἀββᾶς	Ηγούμενου (Igumenu)	Ηγκουμέν (Igumen)	Abbot	Egumen, abate, stareț
Ἀγαλια	Ανάργα (Anarga)	Γκαντάλε (Ngadalë)	Slowly	Încet, lent
Ἀγαπῶ	Βόη (Voe)	Ντούα (Dua)	(I) Love	Iubesc
Ἄγγελος	Άγγελου (Aghelu)	Έγγελ (Engjëll)	Angel	Înger
Ἀγγεῖον	Βάσου (Vasu)	Ένᾳ (Enë)	Pot	Vas
Ἀγγίσρι	Γκρέπου (Grepu)	Γκρέπ (Grep)	Fish hook	Cârlig
Ἀγελάδα	Βάκᾳ (Vaca)	Λιόπᾳ (Lopë)	Cow	Vacă
Ἅγιος	Σᾴμτου (Santu)	Σσιέντ (Shenjt)	Saint	S(f)ânt
Ἀγκάθι	Σκίνου (Schinu)	Γκιέπ (Gjemb)	Thorn	Ghimpe
Ἀγκάλη	Μπράτζᾳ (Mbrata)	Πουσστίμ (Pushtim)	Embrace	Îmbrățișare
Ἀγκοῦρι	Καϛραβέτζου (Castravetu)	Κραϛαβέτζ (Kastravec)	Cucumber	Castravete
Ἀγκῶνας	Κότου (Cotu)	Μπᾳλλίουλ (Bërryl)	Elbow	Cot
Ἀγνάντια	Καρσσί (Carsi)	Κουντρέ (Kundër)	Opposite	Opus, diferit

Works

Εἰσαγωγὴ εἰς τὰ ὀκτω μέρη τοῦ λόγου. Ἐν Μοσχοπόλει 1760 καὶ Ἑνετίῃσι 1774.
Ἔπη πρὸς τὸν ἐξαρχικῶν ἐν Μοσχοπόλει ἐπιδημήσαντα Ἰωαννίκιον Χαλκηδόνος ἐν ἔτει 1750 Μαΐου 2.
Πρωτοπειρία. (Starting out) Ἑνετίῃσιν, 1770. Παρὰ Ἀντωνίῳ τῷ Βόρτολι. Superiorum permissu. Ac privilegio.

References

^ Piceava, Dumitru, ed. (2005). "Mass-media armâneascâ". Bana Armâneascâ (in Aromanian). Vol. 39–40, no. 1–2. p. 2. Va s-aducù aminti aoatsi, tu psânizboarâ, ânyrâpserli alù Teodor Anastasie Cavalioti, cari tu anlu 1770...
^ Kapović, Mate (2017). The Indo-European Languages (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. p. 554. ISBN 978-0-415-73062-4.
^ The Codex of Saint John Prodromos' monastery, Moschopolis: 1789, Αὐγούστου 11 ἡμέρα β ἐπλέρωσεν τὸ κοινὸν ὁ ἱεροδιδάσκαλος Πρωτοπαπᾶς Θεόδωρος Ἀναστασίου Καβαλλιώτης - Αἰωνία τοῦ ἡ μνήμη. (p. 29.)
^ Asterios I. Koukoudēs. The Vlachs: Metropolis and Diaspora. Zitros, 2003, ISBN 978-960-7760-86-9, p. 335.
^ Lloshi p.275
^ Clogg, Richard (1981). Balkan society in the age of Greek independence. MacMillan Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780333315804. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
^ For a survey of different views see: Κεκρίδης, Ευστάθιος (1989). Θεόδωρος Αναστασίου Καββαλιώτης (1718 - 1789). Ο διδάσκαλος του γένους (Thesis) (in Greek). Aristotle University of Thessaloniki. pp. 17–31. doi:10.12681/eadd/1624. hdl:10442/hedi/1624.
^ Thede Kahl, Γλώσσα και στόχοι του πρώιμου αρμανικού, γραπτού λόγου (1731-1813), p. 71 (German original: Sprache und Intention der ersten aromunischen Textdokumente, 1731-1809) in Για την ταυτότητα των Βλάχων: εθνοπολιτισμικές προσεγγίσεις μιας βαλκανικής πραγματικότητας, Βιβλιόραμα (2009)
^ Dieter Kremer: Actes du XVIIIe Congrès International de Linguistique et de Philologie Romanes; 1989. p. 122 [1]
^ Tassos A. Mikropoulos. Elevating and Safeguarding Culture Using Tools of the Information Society: Dusty traces of the Muslim culture. Earthlab. ISBN 978-960-233-187-3, p. 316.
^ ^a ^b Κεκρίδης (1988), p. 283
^ Greece and the Balkans: identities, perceptions and cultural encounters since the Enlightenment; ed. by Tziovas, Dimitris. [2]
^ Lloshi p. 282
^ Friedman A. Victor. After 170 years of Balkan linguistics. Wither the Millennium? Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine University of Chicago. p. 2: "...given the intent of these comparative lexicons was the Hellenization of non-Greek-speaking Balkan Christians...
^ Horst Förster, Horst Fassel. Kulturdialog und akzeptierte Vielfalt?: Rumänien und rumänische Sprachgebiete nach 1918. Franz Steiner Verlag, 1999. ISBN 978-3-7995-2508-4. pp. 35–45.
^ "Johann Thunmann: On the History and Language of the Albanians and Vlachs". R. Elsie. Archived from the original on 2010-06-17.
^ Lloshi pp. 290-292 and p.317
^ Kekridis (1989): p. 66
^ Kekridis (1989): p. 68