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The Yearling
	Cover of original 1938 edition
Author	Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings
Language	English
Genre	Young adult novel
Publisher	Charles Scribner's Sons
Publication date	1938; 86 years ago
Publication place	United States
Media type	Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages	416 (mass market paperback)
Preceded by	South Moon Under
Followed by	Cross Creek

The Yearling is a novel by American writer Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, published in March 1938.^[1] It was the main selection of the Book of the Month Club in April 1938. It won the 1939 Pulitzer Prize for the Novel.

It was the best-selling novel in the United States in 1938, when it sold more than 250,000 copies. It was the seventh-best seller in 1939.^[2] The book has been translated into Spanish, Chinese, French, Japanese, German, Italian, Russian, and 22 other languages.^[3]^[4]

Rawlings's editor was Maxwell Perkins, who also worked with F. Scott Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, and other literary luminaries. She had submitted several projects to Perkins for his review, and he rejected them all. He advised her to write about what she knew from her own life, and The Yearling was the result.

Plot

Young Jody Baxter lives with his parents, Ora and Ezra "Penny" Baxter, on a small farm in the backwoods of the Big Scrub^[5] in Florida in the years following the Civil War. His parents had six other children before him, but they died in infancy. His mother has difficulty bonding with the boy. Jody loves the outdoors and his family. He has wanted a pet for as long as he can remember, but his mother says that they barely have enough food to feed themselves, let alone a pet.

A subplot involves the hunt for an old bear named Slewfoot that randomly attacks the Baxter livestock. Later the Baxters and the rowdy Forresters get in a fight about the bear and continue to fight about nearly anything. (While the Forresters are presented as a disreputable clan, the disabled youngest brother, Fodder-Wing, is a close friend to Jody.) The Forresters steal the Baxters' hogs. While Jody and his father Penny are out searching for the stolen stock, Penny is bitten in the arm by a rattlesnake. Penny shoots a doe, in order to use its liver to draw out the snake's venom. This saves Penny's life but leaves an orphaned fawn.

Jody convinces his parents to allow him to adopt the fawn and it becomes his constant companion. He later learns that Fodder-Wing named it Flag. The book explores Jody's life as he matures along with Flag. Jody struggles with strained relationships, hunger, death of beloved friends, and the capriciousness of nature through a catastrophic flood. He also has tender moments with his family, the fawn, and their neighbors and relatives. Along with his father, he comes face to face with the rough life of a farmer and hunter. Throughout, the well-mannered, God-fearing Baxters and the good folk of nearby Volusia and the "big city," Ocala, are starkly contrasted with their hillbilly neighbors, the Forresters.

As Jody takes his final steps into maturity, he is forced to make a desperate choice between Flag and his family. The parents realize that the growing Flag is endangering their survival, as he persists in eating the corn crop on which the family is relying for food the next winter. Jody's father orders the boy to take Flag into the woods and shoot him, but Jody cannot bring himself to do it.

When his mother shoots the deer and wounds him, Jody is forced to shoot Flag and kill the yearling. In blind fury, Jody runs off, only to come up against the true meaning of hunger, loneliness, and fear. After an ill-conceived attempt to reach an older friend in Boston while traveling in a broken-down canoe, Jody is picked up by a mail ship and returned to Volusia. In the end, Jody comes of age, assuming increasingly adult responsibilities in the difficult "world of men", but always surrounded by the love of family.

Characters

Ezra "Penny" Baxter was raised by a stern minister who allowed no leisure or slacking. He treats his son Jody generously because of his own upbringing. He served in the Confederate army during the Civil War. Nicknamed "Penny" by Lem Forrester because of his diminutive size.
Ora Baxter: Jody's mother. She is introduced on page 20 as "Ora." Penny calls her "Ory". She is often called "Ma" or "Ma Baxter".
Jody Baxter: The son of Ora and Penny Baxter.
Flag: Jody's pet fawn.
The Forresters: (Pa and Ma Forrester, Buck, Mill-Wheel, Arch, Lem, Gabby, Pack, Fodder-wing) A family that lives near the Baxters. Though Ora dislikes them strongly, they are friends of Penny and Jody. However, there is occasional conflict between them and the Baxters. Of the Forresters, Lem is the most antagonistic towards the Baxters, while Buck is helpful and honest.
Fodder-wing Forrester: Jody's best friend. He is crippled and was born with a hunched frame. He is thought to be rather peculiar, but has a great fondness for animals.
Julia: Hound dog owned by the Baxters. She is treasured by Penny but distrusts Jody.
Rip: Bulldog owned by the Baxters.
Perk: Feist dog owned originally by the Baxters but traded to the Forresters for a new gun later in the novel.
Doc Wilson: An acquaintance of Penny.
Grandma Hutto: a native of Volusia with whom Penny and Jody are on excellent terms, though the exact nature of their relationship is unclear. Grandma Hutto is the mother of the sailor Oliver, one of Jody's heroes. Her house is burned down by the Forresters and she departs with her son to Boston.
Oliver Hutto: a role model for Jody. He nevertheless provokes Jody's ire when he elects to visit his sweetheart Twink Weatherby instead of staying to tell stories about his time as a sailor. He gets in a fight with Lem Forrester over the girl and is badly beaten. He ends up marrying Twink Weatherby.
Twink Weatherby: yellow-haired beauty from Volusia. She is claimed by both Lem Forrester and Oliver Hutto. She marries Oliver. Jody initially hates Twink for taking Oliver from him, but begins to change his mind when she gives him a kiss.

Adaptations

The novel was adapted into a film of the same name in 1946, starring Gregory Peck as Penny Baxter and Jane Wyman as Ora Baxter. Both were nominated for Oscars for their performances. Claude Jarman Jr. as Jody Baxter won the Juvenile Award Oscar.

In 1949, Claude Pascal adapted the film into a newspaper comic, under its French title Jody et le Faon (Jody and the Fawn).^[6]

A Broadway musical adaption with music by Michael Leonard and lyrics by Herbert Martin was produced by Lore Noto in 1965 at the Alvin Theatre. The musical's book was by Noto and Herbert Martin. David Wayne and Delores Wilson played Ezra and Ora Baxter, and David Hartman was Oliver Hutto. The show played only three performances.^[7]

Barbra Streisand recorded four songs from the show: "I'm All Smiles", "The Kind of Man A Woman Needs", "Why Did I Choose You?", and "My Pa".

A Japanese animated version was released in 1983.

The 1983 film Cross Creek, about Rawlings and the incident that inspired the novel, starred Mary Steenburgen, Rip Torn, Peter Coyote and Dana Hill.

A 1994 television adaptation starred Peter Strauss as Ezra Baxter, Jean Smart as Ora Baxter, and Philip Seymour Hoffman as Buck.

A 2012 song by singer/songwriter Andrew Peterson, "The Ballad of Jody Baxter", deals with themes from The Yearling. The song is on his album Light for the Lost Boy.

Notes

The Long homestead in the book and the film's shooting location are now part of the Ocala National Forest. Visitors can hike the Yearling Trail and pass the sites where the homes were and the now dry sinkhole, and pay respects at the Long Family Cemetery.^[8]

References

Notes

^ Tarr 1999 p.38
^ Scott 2006
^ Unsworth
^ Tarr 1999 p. 248
^ Turcotte, Florence M. (Spring 2012). "For this is an Enchanted Land: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and the Florida Environment". The Florida Historical Quarterly. 90 (4): 492–493, 497. JSTOR 23264717.
^ "Claude Pascal". Lambiek.net. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
^ "The Yearling", IBDb. Retrieved October 12, 2024
^ "National Forests in Florida - Recreation". Fs.usda.gov. Retrieved 6 January 2022.

Bibliography

Bellman, Samuel. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1974.
Bigelow, Gordon. Frontier Eden: The Literary Career of Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. Gainesville, FL: University Presses of Florida, 1966.
Lee, Charles. The Hidden Public; the Story of the Book-of-the-Month Club. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958.
Scott, Patrick (2006). "The Yearling, 1938". University of South Carolina. Retrieved 9 September 2012.
Silverthorne, Elizabeth. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. New York: The Overlook Press, 1988.
Tarr, Rodger L. Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings: a descriptive bibliography, Pittsburgh series in bibliography. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
Tarr, Rodger L., editor. Max & Marjorie: The Correspondence between Maxwell E. Perkins and Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1999.
"The Pulitzer Prizes - Novel". Pulitzer Prize Committee of Columbia University. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
Unsworth, John. "Annual Bestsellers, 1930-1939". University of Illinois citing Bowker's Publishers Weekly. Archived from the original on 13 December 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2012.