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The Criminal
The Criminal
Directed by	Joseph Losey
Screenplay by	Alun Owen
Story by	Jimmy Sangster (uncredited)
Produced by	Jack Greenwood
Starring	Stanley Baker; Sam Wanamaker; Grégoire Aslan; Margit Saad
Cinematography	Robert Krasker
Edited by	Reginald Mills
Music by	John Dankworth
Production; company	Merton Park Studios
Distributed by	Anglo-Amalgamated (UK)
Release date	October 28, 1960; (London)
Running time	97 minutes
Country	United Kingdom
Language	English
Budget	£60,000

The Criminal (released in the United States as The Concrete Jungle) is a 1960 British neo-noir crime film directed by Joseph Losey and starring Stanley Baker, Sam Wanamaker, Grégoire Aslan, Jill Bennett, and Margit Saad.^[2]^[3] Baker plays Johnny Bannion, a recently-paroled gangster (patterned after Albert Dimes^[4]) who is sent back to prison after robbing a racetrack, with both the authorities and the criminal underworld looking for the money.

Alun Owen wrote the screenplay, from a story by an uncredited Jimmy Sangster. John Dankworth composed the musical score, with a title song sung by Cleo Laine. The ensemble supporting cast features Jill Bennett, Rupert Davies, Laurence Naismith, Patrick Magee and Murray Melvin in his film debut. The film, a “B” melodrama ^[5] is noted for its harsh and violent portrayal of prison life which led it to be banned in several countries, including Finland and Ireland.

Plot

Johnny Bannion is a career criminal with an entourage of minor criminals and fast girls. After being paroled from a three-year stint in prison, he begins planning his "comeback" - a racetrack heist for £40,000. He successfully plans and executes the robbery with the help of his partner, a well-connected American named Mike Carter (Sam Wanamaker). Unbeknownst to him, the racetrack is owned by another gangster. Word is spread of his responsibility, he's double-crossed by his associates, and he is sent back to prison, where he is a well known figure.

In prison, Italian mob boss Frank Saffron takes him under his wing and secures a move to a different block through claiming to be a Roman Catholic. He tells him the outside world wants their £40,000 back, but is prepared to give favours if he gets a cut. They make their plans whispering to each other during Sunday mass.

The death of an inmate triggers a prison riot. The other prison boss, the Irish O'Hara, is less sympathetic to Bannion. During the riot, Bannion opens the door to let the guards back in and wins favour of the prison governor. He is transferred to a low security prison for his assistance but is booed by fellow inmates as he leaves.

During the transfer, it is revealed that Bannion paid £40,000 for the riot and a "fast car". The car appears and drives the prison van off the road, rescuing Bannion. However, he has been double crossed. He is taken to a narrow boat where the criminals he robbed are waiting, also with his lover Suzanne as security. They flee, but Bannion is hit by a bullet as they escape. They reach a snowy field where Johnny shoots one of his three pursuers before being shot himself. He dies before being able to say where the money is.^[6]

Cast

Stanley Baker as Johnny Bannion
Sam Wanamaker as Mike Carter
Grégoire Aslan as Frank Saffron
Margit Saad as Suzanne
Jill Bennett as Maggie
Rupert Davies as Edwards
Laurence Naismith as Mr Town
John Van Eyssen as Formby
Noel Willman as Prison Governor
Derek Francis as Priest
Redmond Phillips as Prison Doctor
Kenneth J. Warren as Clobber
Patrick Magee as Barrows
Robert Adams as Judas
Kenneth Cope as Kelly
Patrick Wymark as Sol
Jack Rodney as Scout
John Molloy as Snipe
Brian Phelan as Pauly Larkin
Paul Stassino as Alfredo Fanucci
Jerold Wells as Warder Brown
Tom Bell as Flynn
Neil McCarthy as O'Hara
Keith Smith as Hanson
Nigel Green as Ted
Tom Gerard as Quantock
Larry Taylor as Charles
Murray Melvin as Antlers
Edward Judd as Young warder
Charles Lamb as Mr. Able
Bob Grant as prisoner (uncredited)
Danny Sewell (uncredited)
Kenny Lynch as Prisoner

Production

Joseph Losey said he was handed a ready-made script. "It was a concoction of all the prison films Hollywood ever made", he said. "Both Stanley Baker and I refused to work until they let us write our own script. Which is what we did."^[7] He says the producers wanted a sequence where the criminals rob a race track but he felt that had been done in Stanley Kubrick's The Killing (1956), so he filmed it taking place off screen. According to Losey, Johnny Bannion was modelled on real-life Soho gangster Albert Dimes, whom Baker was acquainted with.^[8] Frank Saffron, the prison mob boss, was patterned after Charles Sabini.

The film was the debut for several of its actors, including Murray Melvin, Roy Dotrice, Neil McCarthy and Derek Francis.

Release

The film premiered at the Edinburgh International Film Festival, August 28, 1960. It had a limited release in the United States, May 1962, but was “not shown at a major New York theatre.”^[9]

Reception

According to Losey the film was a commercial success. He said the film was banned in Ireland because so many of the prisoners were Irish Catholics.^[7]^[10]

The film was reportedly very successful in Paris.^[4]

Retrospective appraisal

Characterizing the film’s style as “vital and vulgar as ever,” critic Dan Callahan at Senses of Cinema offers this measured praise:

Losey’s command of atmosphere and his ability to build tension are outstanding here…The bursts of violence in The Criminal are orgasmic in their surety, in their explosive feeling of energy at last unleashed. Some scenes spill over the top, making an unconvincing mess, yet mournful soundtrack jazz and winter landscapes signal a darkening of Losey’s consciousness.^[11]^[12]

Theme

Film historian Foster Hirsch describes the film as “a naturalistic study of the way the environment both creates and entraps a criminal mentality.^[13]

Losey presents three major settings in the film: the penitentiary; Bannion’s apartment after his parole; and a desolate winter landscape where he’s hidden the heist money. None of these offer a refuge for the criminal. The first two domains appear as equivalents: the prison is merely the obverse of society at large, both of which impose repressive social hierarchies and inequities.^[14] The visual contrast of the final setting - a snow-covered countryside field - proves fatal:

[T]he whiteness of the landscape contains its own terror; it too is a threatening rather than nurturing environment, and it is here, against the icy, impersonal whiteness, that the criminal is killed.^[15]

Footnotes

^ Caute, David (1994). Joseph Losey. Oxford University Press. p. 139.
^ Palmer and Riley, 1993 p. 160: Filmography
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 236-237: Filmography
^ ^a ^b EUGENE ARCHER (15 March 1964). "EXPATRIATE RETRACES HIS STEPS: Joseph Losey Changes Direction With His British 'Servant'". New York Times. p. X9.
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 76: “...a B movie prison melodrama redeemed by Losey’s skillful mise-en-scene.”
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 76: “Brooding, hulking, shrewd, Bannion conforms to a stereotyped concept of a B-move hood. He knows how to survive in a concrete jungle of the underworld both in and out of prison.”
^ ^a ^b "FILM CRAFT: Joseph Losey talks to Peter Lennon". The Guardian. London. 9 July 1962. p. 5.
^ "BFI Screenonline: Criminal, The (1960)". www.screenonline.org.uk. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 237: Filmography
^ Sanjek, 2002: “...The Criminal (1960) starring Stanley Baker, failed at the box office, and Losey was thereafter unable to secure work.”
^ Callahan, 2003: Ellipsis reads: “he even uses some cockeyed German Expressionist angles.”
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 77: Losey “overcomes its formulaic elements and achieves an individual distinction.”
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 57
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 77: Losey’s “sustained use of the prison as a metaphor for society.”
^ Hirsch, 1980 p. 77-78