The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Bernard (Murillo)

The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Bernard

Artist	Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Year	c. 1655
Catalogue	P000978
Medium	Oil on canvas
Movement	Tenebrism
Subject	Lactatio Bernardi
Dimensions	311 cm × 248.99998 cm (122 in × 98.03149 in)

The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Bernard is an oil on canvas painting by Spanish artist Bartolomé Esteban Murillo, created c. 1655, now held in the Museo del Prado in Madrid. The picture shows a miraculous Marian apparition to Catholic theologian Bernard of Clairvaux during his study time, what causes him to fall on his knees. His books and desk can be seen in the background.^[1]

History

The work is one of the most important tenebrist paintings of the author. It was paired with another similar artwork, The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Ildefonsus, and both were probably commissioned as altar pieces for a cistercian convent, despite there is no trace of their origin. Historians of art disagree on its creation date: some claim it was created before 1655, while others believe it could have been painted up to 1670.^[2]

It has been speculated that the picture may have been modeled after a similar painting by Juan de las Roelas, displayed at the Hospital of Saint Bernard at Seville, considering the common attributes of both. However, Murillo does not follow Roelas' austerity and prefers to depict the scene in a baroque and majestic style.^[2]

The painting was first inventoried in 1746 at the Palace of La Granja, what points to a purchase by the Queen of Spain close to 1730, a period in which Philip V's royal court was located at Seville.^[2]

Content

The artwork depicts the Lactatio Bernardi miracle, a scene in the Catholic mystical tradition in which the Virgin Mary supposedly appeared to Bernard of Clairvaux and shot a drop of milk as a prize for the theologian's work.^[2]

The painting is organized on a diagonal axis and stresses the contrast between the monk's cell and the heavens where the Virgin appears. A desk with an open book, bookshelves and an inkpot can be seen in the background. There is a vase of lilies close to the book, a flower that symbolizes the Immaculate Conception. In the floor, a crosier and a pile of books are depicted.^[2]

The Virgin is painted in a baroque style. Her figure is surrounded by angels, as in most of Murillo's paintings.^[2]

References

^ Catalogue entry at the Museo del Prado website.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f García Ponce de León, Paz (2018). Bartolomé Esteban Murillo: el pintor de la devoción. Arte (in Spanish). Alcobendas (Madrid): LIBSA. pp. 62–63. ISBN 978-84-662-3861-8.

v t e Bartolomé Esteban Murillo
Immaculate Conceptions	San Vicente (c. 1640–1650) La Colasal (1645–1655) Esquilache (1645–1655) El Escorial (1660–1665) Museo Soumaya (c. 1670) Aranjuez (c. 1675) Los Venerables (c. 1678) Walpole (c. 1680)
Other religious works	The Vision of Fray Lauterio (c. 1640) Joseph and Potiphar's Wife (1640–1645) Saint Francis of Assisi at Prayer (c. 1645–1650) The Angels' Kitchen (1646) The Flight into Egypt (1647–1650) Adoration of the Shepherds (Madrid; c. 1650) The Holy Family with a Little Bird (1650) Our Lady of the Rosary (1650–1655) Saint Roderick (c. 1650–1655) Rebecca and Eleazar (1652) The Vision of Saint Anthony of Padua (1656) The Good Shepherd (c. 1660) The Birth of the Virgin (1661) Christ after the Flagellation (Boston; c. 1665) Rest on the Flight into Egypt (c. 1665) The Apparition of the Virgin to Saint Bernard (c. 1665) Mater Dolorosa (1665) The Patrician's Dream (1665) Saint Anthony with the Christ Child (1665–1666, 1668–1669) Liberation of Peter (1665–1667) Isaac Blessing Jacob (1665–1670) Saint Justa and Saint Rufina (c. 1666) Madonna and Child of the Napkin (c. 1666) Christ Healing the Paralytic at the Pool of Bethesda (c. 1667–1670) Christ on the Cross (San Diego; c. 1667–1670) The Return of the Prodigal Son (c. 1667–1670) The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes (Edinburgh; c. 1667–1682) Adoration of the Shepherds (London; c. 1668) Saint Thomas of Villanova Giving Alms (c. 1668) Saint Francis Embracing Christ on the Cross (1668–1669) Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist (c. 1668–1670) The Miracle of the Loaves and Fishes (Seville; c. 1669–1674) Moses at the Rock of Horeb (c. 1669–1674) Christ after the Flagellation (Champaign; c. 1670) Abraham and the Three Angels (c. 1670–1674) The Christ Child and the Infant John the Baptist with a Shell (1670–1675) Saint Elizabeth of Hungary Curing the Sick (1672) Saint John of God Carrying a Sick Man (1672) Ecce Homo (c. 1672–1678) Christ on the Cross (New York; c. 1675) The Martyrdom of Saint Andrew (1675–1682) Christ on the Cross (Madrid; c. 1675) Saint Thomas of Villanova Healing a Lame Man (c. 1675) The Conversion of Saint Paul (c. 1675–1680) Christ on the Cross (Madrid; c. 1677) The Christ Child Distributing Bread to Pilgrims (1678) The Heavenly and Earthly Trinities (c. 1680)
Genre works	The Young Beggar (1645–1650) Children Eating Grapes and a Melon (1645–1650) Four Figures on a Step (c. 1655–1660) Boy with a Dog (1655–1660) Two Women at a Window (1665–1675) The Little Fruitseller (c. 1670–1675) Children Eating a Tart (1670–1675) The Flower Girl (c. 1675–1680)
Portraits	Portrait of Diego Ortiz de Zúñiga (c. 1653) Portrait of Íñigo Melchor Fernandez de Velasco (1658–1659)
Related	Baroque painting Casa de Murillo

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