Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Qualification

Qualification
Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics
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Main article: Tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics

Qualification for tennis at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China was determined not by any form of qualifying tournament, but by the rankings maintained by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) and the Women's Tennis Association (WTA).

Qualifying criteria

The main qualifying criteria were the ATP and WTA ranking lists as of June 9, 2008. The players entering were formally submitted by the International Tennis Federation (ITF).[1] The ATP and WTA rankings were based on performances from the previous 52 weeks,[2][3] and there were several tournaments, including the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, in the two-month period between the time of the rankings being frozen for entry, and the beginning of the tennis events at the Olympics. This led one player, Rainer Schüttler, who rose the ATP rankings considerably in that time period, to successfully seek arbitration on the matter and gain entry. Another player, Tamarine Tanasugarn who was outside the ranking places that could qualify on July 9, but re-entered them, like Schuettler, gained entry; although she did so through the Tripartite Commission Invitation places after Stephanie Vogt withdrew.[4]

Each National Olympic Committee (NOC) could enter 6 men and 6 women athletes, with a maximum of 4 entries in the individual events, and 2 pairs in the doubles events.[1] This resulted in several high-ranked players being unable to enter, despite players of lower-rank being able to. For example, Vera Zvonareva, world number 13, would not have been entered had all the Russian players ahead of her done so, and world number 21, Nadia Petrova, was unable to participate (the top four Russian women players were all in the world's top eight). In the men's, a notably high-ranked player who could not gain entry was world number 20 Fernando Verdasco of Spain. However, any player in the world's top 56 was eligible, and NOC's had the option to enter players of a lower rank.[1] Athletes were able to compete in both single and doubles events.

Singles:

  • 56 players directly qualified for the singles event based on the recognised World Ranking of 9 June 2008. Any player qualified for the singles event was automatically eligible for entry in the doubles event.
  • 2 Invitation places in each singles event were allocated by the Tripartite Commission.
  • 6 final qualification places in the singles event were allocated by the ITF based on the recognised World Ranking and the continental/NOC representation.[1]

Doubles:

  • 10 players directly qualified for the doubles event based on the recognised World Ranking of 9 June 2008.
  • Final qualification places were allocated by the ITF to doubles players based on the recognised World Ranking and the continental/NOC representation, until a total of 86 places have been allocated.[1]

The ITF places were allocated by the ITF, based on recognized world ranking and continental/NOC participation.[1]

Summary

A total of 48 nations were represented by at least one player in either the men's singles, women's singles, men's doubles, or women's doubles.

Nation Men Women Total
Singles Doubles Singles Doubles
 Argentina 4 4 1 2(1) 6
 Australia 2 4(2) 3 4(1) 8
 Austria 1 2(1) 1 3
 Bahamas 1 2(1) 2
 Belarus 1 2 4(2) 5
 Belgium 2 2 2
 Brazil 2 2(2) 4
 Bulgaria 1 1
 Canada 2 2(1) 3
 Chile 2 2 2
 China 3 2 4 4(1) 8
 Chinese Taipei 1 1 2(1) 3
 Croatia 1 1
 Czech Republic 4 4(2) 4 4(1) 11
 Denmark 1 1
 Ecuador 1 1
 El Salvador 1 1
 Estonia 2 2 2
 Finland 1 1
 France 4 4(1) 3 4(1) 9
 Germany 2 2 2
 Great Britain 1 2(1) 2
 Greece 1 2(1) 2
 Hungary 1 2(1) 2
 India 2(2) 1 2(1) 4
 Israel 2(2) 2 2 4
 Italy 3 2 4 4(1) 8
 Japan 1 2 2 3
 Latvia 1 1
 New Zealand 1 1
 Poland 2(2) 2 4(2) 6
 Romania 1 1 2
 Russia 4 4 4 4(1) 9
 Serbia 2 2(1) 1 4
 Slovakia 1 2 2(1) 4
 South Africa 1 2(1) 2
 South Korea 1 1
 Spain 4 4 4 4(1) 9
 Sweden 3 4(1) 1 5
 Switzerland 2 2 2 2(1) 5
 Thailand 1 1
 Togo 1 1
 Tunisia 1 1
 Ukraine 4 4 4
 United States 3 4(2) 3 4(2) 10
 Uzbekistan 1 1
 Venezuela 1 1
 Zimbabwe 1 1
Total: 48 NOCs 64 64(22) 64 64(20) 170
  • Number in brackets = players participating only in doubles

Qualifiers

Men's singles

No. Rank Player NOC
World Ranking
1 1 Roger Federer  Switzerland
2 2 Rafael Nadal  Spain
3 3 Novak Djokovic  Serbia
4 4 Nikolay Davydenko  Russia
5 5 David Ferrer  Spain
— 6 Andy Roddick[5]  United States
6 7 James Blake  United States
7 8 David Nalbandian  Argentina
8 9 Stanislas Wawrinka  Switzerland
— 10 Richard Gasquet[6]  France
9 11 Andy Murray  Great Britain
10 12 Tomáš Berdych  Czech Republic
11 13 Nicolás Almagro  Spain
— 14 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga[7][8]  France
12 15 Fernando González  Chile
13 16 Radek Štěpánek  Czech Republic
14 17 Paul-Henri Mathieu  France
15 18 Mikhail Youzhny  Russia
16 19 Tommy Robredo  Spain
— 20 Fernando Verdasco  Spain
17 21 Juan Mónaco  Argentina
— 22 Ivo Karlović  Croatia
— 23 Marcos Baghdatis[9][10]  Cyprus
— 24 Juan Carlos Ferrero  Spain
18 25 Jarkko Nieminen  Finland
— 26 Carlos Moyá  Spain
— 27 Ivan Ljubičić  Croatia
19 28 Gilles Simon  France
20 29 Dmitry Tursunov  Russia
21 30 Lleyton Hewitt  Australia
22 31 Andreas Seppi  Italy
23 32 Gaël Monfils  France
— 33 Feliciano López  Spain
24 34 Igor Andreev  Russia
25 35 Michaël Llodra[7][8]  France
— 36 Mardy Fish[11]  United States
— 37 Tommy Haas[12]  Germany
26 38 Nicolas Kiefer  Germany
27 39 Janko Tipsarević  Serbia
— 40 Philipp Kohlschreiber  Germany
28 41 Sam Querrey  United States
29 42 Robin Söderling  Sweden
— 43 Julien Benneteau  France
— 44 Mario Ančić[10]  Croatia
— 45 Juan Ignacio Chela[4]  Argentina
— 46 Nicolas Mahut  France
30 47 Simone Bolelli  Italy
31 48 Guillermo Cañas  Argentina
32 49 Agustín Calleri[4]  Argentina
— 50 José Acasuso  Argentina
33 51 Ernests Gulbis  Latvia
— 52 Fabrice Santoro  France
34 53 Steve Darcis  Belgium
— 54 Marcel Granollers  Spain
35 55 Lee Hyung-Taik  South Korea
36 56 Marin Čilić  Croatia
— 57 Marc Gicquel  France
37 58 Potito Starace  Italy
38 59 Robby Ginepri  United States
— 60 Sébastien Grosjean  France
— 61 Eduardo Schwank  Argentina
— 62 Robin Haase[8]  Netherlands
39 63 Nicolás Lapentti  Ecuador
— 64 Juan Martín del Potro  Argentina
— 65 Dudi Sela[10][13][14]  Israel
— 66 Denis Gremelmayr[10]  Germany
40 67 Olivier Rochus  Belgium
41 68 Thomaz Bellucci  Brazil
42 69 Thomas Johansson  Sweden
— 70 Albert Montañés  Spain
43 70PR(289) Dominik Hrbatý  Slovakia
44 71 Ivo Minář  Czech Republic
45 72 Victor Hănescu  Romania
46 73 Lu Yen-Hsun  Chinese Taipei
— 74 Stefan Koubek[8]  Austria
47 75 Marcos Daniel  Brazil
— 76 Marat Safin  Russia
— 77 Florent Serra  France
— 78 Igor Kunitsyn  Russia
48 79 Chris Guccione[8]  Australia
— 80 Santiago Ventura  Spain
49 81 Jürgen Melzer[8]  Austria
50 82 Jiří Vaněk[10]  Czech Republic
— 83 Michael Berrer  Germany
— 84 John Isner  United States
— 85 Evgeny Korolev  Russia
— 86 Arnaud Clément  France
— 87 Martín Vassallo Argüello  Argentina
— 88 Donald Young  United States
51 89 Rainer Schüttler[10]  Germany
52 90 Frank Dancevic[10]  Canada
53 248 Frédéric Niemeyer[10][15]  Canada
54 570 Zeng Shao-Xuan[15]  China
55 605 Yu Xinyuan[15]  China
56 936 Devin Mullings[15]  Bahamas
ITF places
57 98 Kevin Anderson  South Africa
58 103 Kei Nishikori  Japan
59 128 Jonas Björkman  Sweden
60 131 Nicolás Massú  Chile
61 300 Max Mirnyi  Belarus
62 489 Sun Peng  China
Tripartite Commission Invitation
63 438 Komlavi Loglo  Togo
64 447 Rafael Arevalo  El Salvador

PR Protected/Special Ranking

Rankings as at 9 June 2008

Schüttler entry controversy

On August 4, 2008, German player Rainer Schüttler was granted an exceptional entry into the tournament, despite not having qualified under the original criteria, after having taken his campaign to play at the games to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS). Schuettler, who was an alternate for Denis Gremelmayr, was ranked outside the qualifying places on June 9, when the players entered for the Games, based upon the ATP rankings of that date, were announced by the ITF. Schüttler then went on to the 2008 Wimbledon Championships, where he reached the semi-finals, elevating his ranking from No. 94 to No. 31 in the world.[16] Germany had received one place in the men's singles, based upon the rankings of June 9, although several players withdrew before the Games. Schüttler was subsequently selected by the German Olympic Committee (Deutscher Olympischer Sportbund, DOS), in spite of the regulations set out by the International Tennis Federation (ITF), under which he was designated as an alternate. On August 3, Schüttler took his case to CAS, who the next day ruled in his favour, saying that it was in compliance with the ITF's rules, and asserting that there was an understanding that the decision over which player could be entered would be delegated to the relevant National Olympic Committee. The ITF delivered a hostile response to the decision by CAS, claiming the DOS was ignorant, and admonishing Schüttler's actions — "While recognising the German NOC may not understand how professional tennis works, there is no excuse for Mr Schuettler, who is prepared to take a place earned by his compatriot Denis Gremelmayr and of next alternate Michael Berrer."[17]

Women's singles

No. Rank Player NOC
World Ranking
— 1 Ana Ivanovic[18]  Serbia
— 2 Maria Sharapova[10][19]  Russia
1 3 Jelena Janković  Serbia
2 4 Svetlana Kuznetsova  Russia
3 5 Elena Dementieva  Russia
4 6 Serena Williams  United States
5 7 Venus Williams  United States
— 8 Anna Chakvetadze[20]  Russia
6 9 Dinara Safina[20]  Russia
— 10 Marion Bartoli[21]  France
7 11 Daniela Hantuchová  Slovakia
8 12 Patty Schnyder  Switzerland
9 13 Vera Zvonareva[10]  Russia
10 14 Agnieszka Radwańska  Poland
11 15 Ágnes Szávay  Hungary
12 16 Victoria Azarenka  Belarus
13 17 Alizé Cornet  France
14 18 Francesca Schiavone  Italy
15 19 Nicole Vaidišová  Czech Republic
— 20 Tatiana Golovin  France
— 21 Nadia Petrova  Russia
16 22 Flavia Pennetta  Italy
— 23 Maria Kirilenko  Russia
— 24 Katarina Srebotnik[22]  Slovenia
17 25 Shahar Pe'er  Israel
— 26 Lindsay Davenport[23]  United States
18 27 Virginie Razzano  France
— 27PR(NR) Mary Pierce[8]  France
19 28 Sybille Bammer  Austria
20 29 Alona Bondarenko  Ukraine
— 30 Amélie Mauresmo[8]  France
21 31 Dominika Cibulková  Slovakia
22 32 Caroline Wozniacki  Denmark
23 33 Sania Mirza  India
24 34 Kaia Kanepi  Estonia
25 35 Anabel Medina Garrigues  Spain
26 35PR(153) Mara Santangelo[8]  Italy
27 36 Olga Govortsova  Belarus
28 36PR(162) Samantha Stosur  Australia
29 37 Eleni Daniilidou  Greece
30 38 Ai Sugiyama  Japan
— 39 Karin Knapp[8]  Italy
31 40 Tsvetana Pironkova  Bulgaria
32 41 Casey Dellacqua  Australia
33 42 Gisela Dulko  Argentina
34 43 Yan Zi  China
— 44 Elena Vesnina  Russia
35 45 Li Na  China
— 46 Alisa Kleybanova  Russia
36 47 Lucie Šafářová  Czech Republic
37 48 Iveta Benešová  Czech Republic
38 49 Carla Suárez Navarro  Spain
39 50PR(158) Milagros Sequera  Venezuela
40 50 Peng Shuai  China
41 51 Klára Zakopalová  Czech Republic
— 52 Petra Cetkovská  Czech Republic
— 53 Michaëlla Krajicek[8]  Netherlands
42 54 Akgul Amanmuradova  Uzbekistan
— 55 Tamira Paszek[10]  Austria
43 56 Pauline Parmentier[8]  France
44 57 Sofia Arvidsson  Sweden
— 58 Vera Dushevina  Russia
— 59 Aravane Rezaï  France
— 60 Petra Kvitová  Czech Republic
45 60PR(133) Zheng Jie  China
46 61 Sara Errani  Italy
— 62 Ekaterina Makarova  Russia
47 63 Tatiana Perebiynis  Ukraine
48 64 Marina Erakovic  New Zealand
49 65 Marta Domachowska  Poland
50 66 Sorana Cîrstea  Romania
51 67 Timea Bacsinszky  Switzerland
52 69 Kateryna Bondarenko[8]  Ukraine
— 70 Anastasia Rodionova  Russia
— 72 Edina Gallovits  Romania
— 73 Akiko Morigami  Japan
— 74 Ashley Harkleroad  United States
53 75 Jill Craybas[10]  United States
54 101 Maret Ani[15]  Estonia
55 120 Tzipora Obziler[15]  Israel
56 140 María José Martínez Sánchez[15]  Spain
ITF places
57 68 Mariya Koryttseva  Ukraine
58 71 Chan Yung-Jan  Chinese Taipei
59 89 Tamarine Tanasugarn[4]  Thailand
60 102 Nuria Llagostera Vives  Spain
61 105 Ayumi Morita  Japan
62 115 Alicia Molik  Australia
63 159 Selima Sfar  Tunisia
Tripartite Commission Invitation
— 227 Stephanie Vogt[4][24]  Liechtenstein
64 NR Cara Black  Zimbabwe

PR Protected/Special Rankings

Rankings as at 9 June 2008

Men's doubles

No. Rank Player A Rank Player B NOC
World Ranking
1 1 Bob Bryan 1 Mike Bryan  United States
2 3 Daniel Nestor Frédéric Niemeyer^  Canada
3 4 Nenad Zimonjić Novak Djokovic^  Serbia
4 5 Mark Knowles Devin Mullings^  Bahamas
5 6 Pavel Vízner Martin Damm  Czech Republic
6 7 Jonathan Erlich 7 Andy Ram  Israel
7 9 Simon Aspelin Thomas Johansson^  Sweden
8 10 Julian Knowle Jürgen Melzer^  Austria
ITF places
9 Guillermo Cañas^ David Nalbandian^  Argentina
10 Agustín Calleri^ Juan Mónaco^  Argentina
11 Paul Hanley Jordan Kerr  Australia
12 Chris Guccione^ Lleyton Hewitt^  Australia
13 Steve Darcis^ Olivier Rochus^  Belgium
14 Marcelo Melo André Sá  Brazil
15 Fernando González^ Nicolás Massú^  Chile
16 Zeng Shao-Xuan^ Yu Xinyuan^  China
— Marin Čilić^[18] Ivan Ljubičić  Croatia
17 Tomáš Berdych^ Radek Štěpánek^  Czech Republic
18 Arnaud Clément Michaël Llodra^  France
19 Gilles Simon^[8] Gaël Monfils^  France
20 Nicolas Kiefer^ Rainer Schüttler^  Germany
21 Andy Murray^ Jamie Murray  Great Britain
22 Mahesh Bhupathi Leander Paes  India
23 Simone Bolelli^ Andreas Seppi^  Italy
24 Mariusz Fyrstenberg Marcin Matkowski  Poland
25 Igor Andreev^ Nikolay Davydenko^  Russia
26 Jeff Coetzee Kevin Anderson^[10]  South Africa
27 Nicolás Almagro^ David Ferrer^  Spain
28 Rafael Nadal^ Tommy Robredo^  Spain
29 Jonas Björkman^ Robin Söderling^  Sweden
30 Roger Federer^ Stanislas Wawrinka^  Switzerland
31 James Blake^ Sam Querrey^  United States
32 Dmitry Tursunov^[18] Mikhail Youzhny^  Russia

^ Players have also qualified to the singles tournament

Women's doubles

No. Rank Player A Rank Player B NOC
World Ranking
— 1 Cara Black^[25]  Zimbabwe
1 1 Liezel Huber Lindsay Davenport  United States
2 3 Ai Sugiyama^ Ayumi Morita^  Japan
— 4 Katarina Srebotnik[22]  Slovenia
– 5 Květa Peschke  Czech Republic
3 6 Rennae Stubbs Samantha Stosur^  Australia
4 7 Chuang Chia-Jung 8 Chan Yung-Jan^  Chinese Taipei
5 9 Victoria Azarenka^ Tatiana Poutchek  Belarus
6 10 Dinara Safina^ Svetlana Kuznetsova^  Russia
ITF places
7 Gisela Dulko^ Betina Jozami  Argentina
8 Casey Dellacqua^ Alicia Molik^  Australia
9 Olga Govortsova^ Darya Kustova  Belarus
10 Yan Zi^ Zheng Jie^  China
11 Sun Tiantian Peng Shuai^  China
12 Nicole Vaidišová^ Iveta Benešová^  Czech Republic
13 Petra Kvitová Lucie Šafářová^  Czech Republic
14 Maret Ani^ Kaia Kanepi^  Estonia
15 Pauline Parmentier^[8] Tatiana Golovin  France
16 Virginie Razzano^ Alizé Cornet^  France
17 Eleni Daniilidou^ Anna Gerasimou  Greece
18 Ágnes Szávay^ Gréta Arn  Hungary
19 Sania Mirza^ Sunitha Rao  India
20 Shahar Pe'er^ Tzipora Obziler^  Israel
21 Mara Santangelo^ Roberta Vinci  Italy
22 Flavia Pennetta^ Francesca Schiavone^  Italy
23 Agnieszka Radwańska^ Marta Domachowska^  Poland
24 Klaudia Jans Alicja Rosolska  Poland
25 Elena Vesnina Vera Zvonareva^  Russia
26 Daniela Hantuchová^ Janette Husárová  Slovakia
27 Anabel Medina Garrigues^ Virginia Ruano Pascual  Spain
28 Nuria Llagostera Vives^ María José Martínez Sánchez^  Spain
29 Patty Schnyder^ Emmanuelle Gagliardi  Switzerland
30 Alona Bondarenko^ Kateryna Bondarenko^  Ukraine
31 Mariya Koryttseva^ Tatiana Perebiynis^  Ukraine
32 Serena Williams^ Venus Williams^  United States

^ Players have also qualified to the singles tournament

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "IOC Qualification System Summary - Men and Women" (PDF). ITF. 2008-03-13. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  2. ^ "VIII.ATP RANKINGS" (PDF). ITF. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  3. ^ "RANKINGS" (PDF). WTA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-06-25. Retrieved 2008-08-05.
  4. ^ a b c d e Changes to Beijing entry list Jul 28
  5. ^ Roddick to defend Washington title and skip Olympics
  6. ^ Gasquet pulls out
  7. ^ a b "Tsonga pulls out of French Olympic squad". Archived from the original on 2012-04-01. Retrieved 2019-05-01.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Changes to Beijing entry list Jul 21
  9. ^ Baghdatis out of games with wrist injury[dead link‍]
  10. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Changes to entry list Aug 6
  11. ^ Mardy Fish joins Roddick in skipping Beijing Games
  12. ^ Haas to skip Olympic Games (in German)
  13. ^ Sela loses in first round, then slams OCI[permanent dead link‍]
  14. ^ Sela, whose participation in the Olympics was not approved by the Olympic Committee of Israel, was invited by the ITF to join the petition to CAS of the Belgian players Darcis and Rochus, but he declined the offer and decided to play in the Countrywide Classic in Los Angeles and the following tournaments in Washington (Countrywide Classic draw).
  15. ^ a b c d e f g A player who withdraws after August 2 is replaced by the highest ranked doubles-only player
  16. ^ "Rainer Schuettler ranking history". ATP. Retrieved 2008-08-04. [dead link‍]
  17. ^ "Schuettler wins Olympic decision". ITF. 2008-08-04. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  18. ^ a b c Ivanovic pulled out with a right thumb injury
  19. ^ Injured Sharapova out of Olympics
  20. ^ a b Safina to replace Chakvetadze Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine
  21. ^ France pick Pierce for Beijing tennis
  22. ^ a b Srebotnik decided not to take part of Olympics[permanent dead link‍]
  23. ^ Davenport withdrew on Friday from the Olympics because of a lingering right knee injury.
  24. ^ Steffi Vogt will not participate in Beijing Archived 2010-02-03 at the Wayback Machine (in German)
  25. ^ Zimbabwe doesn't have another player in the WTA ranking beside Cara Black

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American football player and coach (born 1981) Not to be confused with Gerald Parker or Gerard Parker. Gerad ParkerCurrent positionTitleHead coachTeamTroyConferenceSun BeltRecord0–0Biographical detailsBorn (1981-01-04) January 4, 1981 (age 43)[1]Huntington, West Virginia, U.S.Playing career2000–2004Kentucky Position(s)Wide receiverCoaching career (HC unless noted)2005–2006Raceland-Worthington HS (KY) (WR/DB)2007Kentucky (GA)2008–2010UT Martin (PGC/RC)2011–2012Marshall (...

 

Byzantine mosaics

Style of art 10th century mosaic of Virgin and Child on a gold ground in the former cathedral Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Turkey Byzantine mosaics are mosaics produced from the 4th to 15th[1] centuries in and under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. Mosaics were some of the most popular[2] and historically significant art forms produced in the empire, and they are still studied extensively by art historians.[3] Although Byzantine mosaics evolved out of earlier Hellen...

LayCool

Professional wrestling tag team Professional wrestling tag team LayCoolLayla (left) and McCool (right) appearing at the WWE Tribute to the Troops event in 2010Tag teamMembersLaylaMichelle McCoolName(s)LayCoolDebutJuly 3, 2009DisbandedApril 22, 2011Years active2009–2011 LayCool (sometimes stylized Lay-Cool) was a professional wrestling tag team consisting of Layla and Michelle McCool. The team worked for WWE and were featured primarily on the SmackDown brand but appeared on the Raw brand on ...

 

Denise Darcel

French-American actress (1924–2011) Denise DarcelDarcel in 1949BornDenise Billecard(1924-09-08)8 September 1924[1]Paris, FranceDied23 December 2011(2011-12-23) (aged 87)Los Angeles, California, U.S.OccupationsActressSingerVaudevillianYears active1948–1963Spouses William Shaw (m. 1947; div. 19??) Francis Peter Crosby ​ ​(m. 1950; div. 1951)​ Robert Atkinson (m. 1961; div. 19??) Richard Vance (m. 1972; div. 19??) George Simps...

 

McKinley National Memorial

Mausoleum of 25th U.S. President William McKinley in Canton, Ohio For McKinley's birthplace, see National McKinley Birthplace Memorial. United States historic placeMcKinley National MemorialU.S. National Register of Historic PlacesU.S. National Historic Landmark Interactive map showing McKinley National Memorial’s locationLocation7th St., N.W., Canton, OhioCoordinates40°48′24″N 81°23′33″W / 40.80667°N 81.39250°W / 40.80667; -81.39250Area22 acres (8.9 ...

Blasphemy law in the United States

In the 20th century, the United States began to invalidate laws against blasphemy which had been on the books since before the founding of the nation [citation needed], or prosecutions on that ground, as it was decided that they violated the American Constitution. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the ...

 

Filipino Veterans Fairness Act

This article's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2013) The Filipino Veterans Fairness Act is the name of a number of acts that have been introduced to the United States Congress in both the United States House of Representatives and the United States Senate since the 103rd Congress in 1993.[1] Since then, nearly every session of Congress has seen a new vers...

 

Ardian Bujupi

Albanian-German singer and songwriter Ardian BujupiBujupi in 2019Background informationBorn (1991-04-28) 28 April 1991 (age 33)Pristina, KosovoOriginHeidelberg, Germany / AlbanianOccupation(s)SingersongwriterYears active2011–presentLabelsColumbia[1]Musical artist Ardian Bujupi (Albanian pronunciation: [aɾdiˈan buˈjupi]; born 27 April 1991) is a German-Albanian singer and songwriter. Born in Kosovo, he moved to Germany at a young age and he has been living there ever ...

Pacific Air Forces

Major command of the United States Air Force responsible for the Indo-Pacific region Pacific Air Command, United States Army redirects here. For the Pacific Air Command of 1947–1949, see Seventh Air Force. Pacific Air ForcesShield of Pacific Air ForcesActive31 July 1944 – present(79 years, 11 months) Detailed 1 July 1957 – present (Pacific Air Forces) 1 January 1947 – 1 July 1957 (as Far East Air Force)6 December 1945 – 1 January 1947 (as Pacific Air Command, United States...

 

Psautier Chludov

Double page du psautier Chludov. Le Psautier Chludov (Moscou, Hist. Mus. MS. D.29) - en transcription française Khloudov - est un psautier enluminé avec des illustrations dans les marges, datant du milieu du IXe siècle. Dans l'art byzantin de cette époque, c'est un témoignage unique de dénonciation de l'iconoclasme[1], et c'est l'un des trois seuls psautiers enluminés byzantins du IXe siècle qui est parvenu jusqu'à nous. Selon une tradition, les miniatures auraient été cr...