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Temenis
	Temenis laothoe
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Nymphalidae
Subfamily:	Biblidinae
Genus:	Temenis; Hübner, 1819
Type species
	Papilio merione; Fabricius 1781
Species
	See text
Synonyms
	Paromia Hewitson, 1861; Zemenis Hewitson, 1861; Tamenes Hayward, 1950; Callicorina Smart, 1976; Themenis Teston & Corseuil, 2008;

Temenis is a genus of butterflies in the family Nymphalidae, it consists of three species. It was first described by Jacob Hübner in 1819. Members of the genus Temenis are found throughout Central and South America.

Description

The genus Temenis is a member of the tribe Epiphilini, of the subgenus Biblidinae.^[3] The type species is Papilio merione, a former synonym of Temenis laothoe.^[4] It is closely related to butterflies in the genera Epiphile and Nica, only distinguished from one another due to morphological differences in the larval stage.^[5] Previously, the genus was considered close to the genera Epiphile, as well as Catonephele, Cybdelis, Myscelia, Pseudonica, and Pyrrhogyra in a group dubbed the "Catonephelinae" by Ebert.^[6]

There are three members that consist of the genus, the members of which can be differentiated through differences in wing patterning and structure. Temenis laothoe is the most recognizable member of the genus, and has a range that stretches from Mexico to Bolivia, making contrasting with it more straightforward.^[5] T. pulchra, compared with T. laothoe, has much more rounded wings along with two pinkish red diagonal bands running from the leading edge of the wing all the way to the posterior corner of the wing.^[5] T. huebneri has a similar wing shape to T. laothoe but is dark brown in color and has a broad orange band across the forewings as well as orange colored hindwings.^[5]

A 2014 proposal by Lucy Mila Garcia Salik proposes splitting the genus further, based on morphological differences, with the new genera Temenis hondurensis, Temenis pallidior, and Temenis violetta.^[7] Salik proposes the following phylogenetic tree with regards to the placement of Temenis in the Epiphilini, using implicit weighing analysis:^[2]

Newick format: "(Eunica (Callicore (Haematera + Lucinia) (Callicorina + Asterope) (Pyrrhogyra (Nica + Peria) (Bolboneura (Temenis + Epiphile))))))))))"^[2]

Eunica

Callicore

	Haematera

	Lucinia

	Callicorina

	Asterope

Pyrrhogyra

	Nica

	Peria

Bolboneura

	Temenis

	Epiphile

Life history

The larvae are associated with and feed on plants in the family Sapindaceae, like other members of the Biblidinae,^[8] such as members of the genera Cardiospermum, Paullinia, Serjania, and Urvillea. Members of the genus are poisonous as a result of the sequestration of toxic compounds consumed during the larval stage by plants in the Sapindaceae family.^[5] The eggs of members of the genus Temenis tend to be more flattened compared to their relatives.^[8] Larvae tend to mimic bird droppings or camouflage in with their surroundings, with the pupae blending with the surrounding leaves.^[6]

Unlike the "flash and hide effect" that some related butterflies employ, members of the genus Temenis are rather conspicuous compared to the background vegetation. The butterflies do tend to fly faster than other butterflies that are considered distasteful, but also lack the dimorphism and mimicry complexes that other related butterflies engage in.^[6] The adult butterflies frequent gaps in the forest to visit Sapindaceae vines, despite being found in the canopy. They also frequently visit the ground level to feed on rotting fruits.^[9] Temenis laothoe was identified one of the most abundant butterflies in the Yasuni National Park of Ecuadorian Amazonia.^[10]

Distribution

Members of the genus Temenis are found throughout Central and South America. Temenis laothoe has a range that stretches from Mexico to Northern Argentina. Temenis pulchra has a range between Central America and the Andes. Temenis huebneri has a range that is confined to the northern and southeastern portions of Brazil's Atlantic Forest.^[11] T. laothoe is rarely found in the United States, in the state of Texas, as a stray.^[12]

Taxonomy

Temenis contains the following species:^[1]

Scientific name	Common Name	Distribution
Temenis huebneri Fruhstorfer, 1912		Brazil^[11]
Temenis pulchra (Hewitson, 1861)	Red Banner, Pulchra Banner^[13]	Costa Rica to Brazil^[14]
Temenis laothoe (Cramer, 1777)	Orange Banner, Tomato^[5]	United States (Texas)^[15] to Argentina^[11]

References

^ ^a ^b Savela, Markku. "Temenis". Lepidoptera and some other life forms. Archived from the original on 3 May 2019. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Salik, Lucy Mila Garcia (2018). "Filogenia morfológica de Epiphilini Jenkins, 1987 (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae)". UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ. hdl:1884/56043. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Wahlberg, Niklas; Brower, Andrew V.Z. (25 September 2006). "Epiphilini". Tree of Life Web Project. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Natural History Museum; Pitkin, Brian; Jenkins, Paul (2023). "TEMENIS". Butterflies and Moths of the World. The Natural History Museum, London. doi:10.5519/s93616qw. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hoskins, Adrian. "Butterflies of Mexico, USA & Canada Tomato Temenis laothoe". Learn about Butterflies. Archived from the original on 19 January 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Muyshondt, Alberto (1973). "Notes on the Life Cycle and Natural History of Butterflies of El Salvador III A. Temenis laothöe liberia Fabricius (Nymphalidae-Catonephelinae)". Journal of the New York Entomological Society. 81 (4): 224–233. ISSN 0028-7199. JSTOR 25008887. Archived from the original on 15 July 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Salik, Lucy Mila Garcia (2014). "Revisão taxonômica de Temenis hübner, (1819) (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae)". hdl:1884/35457. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ ^a ^b Salik, Lucy Mila Garcia; Dias, Fernando Maia Silva; Carneiro, Eduardo; Casagrande, Mirna Martins; Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik (March 2017). "Immature stages of Temenis laothoe meridionalis Ebert (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae, Biblidinae)". Revista Brasileira de Entomologia. 61 (1): 16–24. Bibcode:2017RvBrE..61...16S. doi:10.1016/j.rbe.2016.10.002. ISSN 1806-9665.
^ Pardonnet, Sylvia; Beck, Harald; Milberg, Per; Bergman, Karl-Olof (September 2013). "Effect of Tree-Fall Gaps on Fruit-Feeding Nymphalid Butterfly Assemblages in a Peruvian Rain Forest". Biotropica. 45 (5): 612–619. Bibcode:2013Biotr..45..612P. doi:10.1111/btp.12053. S2CID 10647556. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Fernanda Checa, María; Barragán, Alvaro; Rodríguez, Joana; Christman, Mary (January 2009). "Temporal abundance patterns of butterfly communities (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) in the Ecuadorian Amazonia and their relationship with climate". Annales de la Société entomologique de France. Nouvelle Série. 45 (4): 470–486. doi:10.1080/00379271.2009.10697630. ISSN 0037-9271. S2CID 85417235.
^ ^a ^b ^c Locke, Nicholas (13 June 2016). "Temenis huebneri, a new butterfly for REGUA". Reserva Ecológica de Guapiaçu. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ "Species Temenis laothoe - Orange Banner - Hodges#4544.4". BugGuide. Archived from the original on 31 October 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ "Pulchra Banner (Temenis pulchra)". Neotropical Butterflies. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Ziegler, Heiner. "Temenis pulchra (HEWITSON, 1861)". Butterflies & Moths of Costa Rica. Archived from the original on 29 April 2022. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
^ Conrad, Jim. "Orange Banner, TEMENIS LAOTHOE". Backyard Nature. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2022.