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The Transition Matrix Method (T-matrix method, TMM) is a computational technique of light scattering by nonspherical particles originally formulated by Peter C. Waterman (1928–2012) in 1965.^[1]^[2] The technique is also known as null field method and extended boundary condition method (EBCM).^[3] In the method, matrix elements are obtained by matching boundary conditions for solutions of Maxwell equations. It has been greatly extended to incorporate diverse types of linear media occupying the region enclosing the scatterer.^[4] T-matrix method proves to be highly efficient and has been widely used in computing electromagnetic scattering of single and compound particles.^[5]

Definition of the T-matrix

The incident and scattered electric field are expanded into spherical vector wave functions (SVWF), which are also encountered in Mie scattering. They are the fundamental solutions of the vector Helmholtz equation and can be generated from the scalar fundamental solutions in spherical coordinates, the spherical Bessel functions of the first kind and the spherical Hankel functions. Accordingly, there are two linearly independent sets of solutions denoted as $\mathbf {M} ^{1},\mathbf {N} ^{1}$ and $\mathbf {M} ^{3},\mathbf {N} ^{3}$ , respectively. They are also called regular and outgoing SVWFs, respectively. With this, we can write the incident field as

\mathbf {E} _{inc}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sum _{m=-n}^{n}\left(a_{mn}\mathbf {M} _{mn}^{1}+b_{mn}\mathbf {N} _{mn}^{1}\right).

The scattered field is expanded into radiating SVWFs:

\mathbf {E} _{scat}=\sum _{n=1}^{\infty }\sum _{m=-n}^{n}\left(f_{mn}\mathbf {M} _{mn}^{3}+g_{mn}\mathbf {N} _{mn}^{3}\right).

The T-matrix relates the expansion coefficients of the incident field to those of the scattered field.

{\begin{pmatrix}f_{mn}\\g_{mn}\end{pmatrix}}=T{\begin{pmatrix}a_{mn}\\b_{mn}\end{pmatrix}}

The T-matrix is determined by the scatterer shape and material and for a given incident field allows one to calculate the scattered field.

Calculation of the T-matrix

The standard way to calculate the T-matrix is the null-field method, which relies on the Stratton–Chu equations.^[6] They basically state that the electromagnetic fields outside a given volume can be expressed as integrals over the surface enclosing the volume involving only the tangential components of the fields on the surface. If the observation point is located inside this volume, the integrals vanish.

By making use of the boundary conditions for the tangential field components on the scatterer surface,

\mathbf {n} \times (\mathbf {E} _{scat}+\mathbf {E} _{inc})=\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {E} _{int}

and

\mathbf {n} \times (\mathbf {H} _{scat}+\mathbf {H} _{inc})=\mathbf {n} \times \mathbf {H} _{int}

,

where $\mathbf {n}$ is the normal vector to the scatterer surface, one can derive an integral representation of the scattered field in terms of the tangential components of the internal fields on the scatterer surface. A similar representation can be derived for the incident field.

By expanding the internal field in terms of SVWFs and exploiting their orthogonality on spherical surfaces, one arrives at an expression for the T-matrix. The T-matrix can also be computed from far field data.^[7] This approach avoids numerical stability issues associated with the null-field method.^[8]

Several numerical codes for the evaluation of the T-matrix can be found online [1] [2] [3].

The T matrix can be found with methods other than null field method and extended boundary condition method (EBCM); therefore, the term "T-matrix method" is infelicitous.

Improvement of traditional T-matrix includes Invariant-imbedding T-matrix Method (IITM) by B. R. Johnson.^[9] The numerical code of IITM is developed by Lei Bi, based on Mishchenko's EBCM code.^[3]^[10] It is more powerful than EBCM as it is more efficient and increases the upper limit of particle size during the computation.

References

^ Waterman, P.C. (1965). "Matrix formulation of electromagnetic scattering". Proceedings of the IEEE. 53 (8). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 805–812. doi:10.1109/proc.1965.4058. ISSN 0018-9219.
^ Waterman, Peter C. (1971). "Symmetry, unitarity, and geometry in electromagnetic scattering". Physical Review D. 3 (4): 825–839. Bibcode:1971PhRvD...3..825W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.3.825.
^ ^a ^b Mishchenko, Michael I.; Travis, Larry D.; Mackowski, Daniel W. (1996). "T-matrix computations of light scattering by nonspherical particles: A review". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 55 (5). Elsevier BV: 535–575. doi:10.1016/0022-4073(96)00002-7. ISSN 0022-4073.
^ Lakhtakia, Akhlesh (2018). The Ewald–Oseen Extinction Theorem and the Extended Boundary Condition Method, in: The World of Applied Electromagnetics. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-58403-4_19. ISBN 978-3-319-58403-4.
^ Mishchenko, Michael I.; Travis, Larry D.; Lacis, Andrew A. (2002). Scattering, Absorption, and Emission of Light by Small Particles. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521782524.
^ Stratton, J. A.; Chu, L. J. (1939-07-01). "Diffraction Theory of Electromagnetic Waves". Physical Review. 56 (1). American Physical Society (APS): 99–107. Bibcode:1939PhRv...56...99S. doi:10.1103/physrev.56.99. ISSN 0031-899X.
^ Ganesh, M.; Hawkins, Stuart C. (2010). "Three dimensional electromagnetic scattering T-matrix computations". Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 234 (6): 1702–1709. doi:10.1016/j.cam.2009.08.018.
^ Ganesh, M.; Hawkins, Stuart C. (2017). "Algorithm 975: TMATROM - A T-matrix Reduced Order Model Software". ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software. 44: 9:1–9:18. doi:10.1145/3054945. S2CID 24838138.
^ Johnson, B. R. (1988-12-01). "Invariant imbedding T matrix approach to electromagnetic scattering". Applied Optics. 27 (23): 4861–4873. doi:10.1364/AO.27.004861. ISSN 2155-3165. PMID 20539668.
^ Bi, Lei; Yang, Ping; Kattawar, George W.; Mishchenko, Michael I. (2013-02-01). "Efficient implementation of the invariant imbedding T-matrix method and the separation of variables method applied to large nonspherical inhomogeneous particles". Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer. 116: 169–183. doi:10.1016/j.jqsrt.2012.11.014. hdl:2060/20140010884. ISSN 0022-4073. S2CID 11722624.